VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

SARS-CoV

Table of Contents

General Information
Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes
1. S protein gene from SARS Urbani (Other)
2. membrane protein (M) gene of SARS-CoV (Protective antigen)
3. nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of SARS-CoV (Protective antigen)
4. S protein gene of SARS-CoV (Protective antigen)
5. envelope protein (E) gene of SARS-CoV (Virmugen)
Vaccine Information
References

I. General Information

1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:

694009

2. Disease:

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

3. Introduction

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS; pronounced /ˈsɑrz/ sarz) is a respiratory disease in humans which is caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). There has been one near pandemic to date, between the months of November 2002 and July 2003, with 8,096 known infected cases and 774 confirmed human deaths (a case-fatality rate of 9.6%) worldwide being listed in the World Health Organization's (WHO) 21 April 2004 concluding report. Within a matter of weeks in early 2003, SARS spread from the Guangdong province of China to rapidly infect individuals in some 37 countries around the world (Wiki: SARS).

4. Microbial Pathogenesis

Infection by different coronaviruses cause in the host alteration in the transcription and translation patterns, in the cell cycle, the cytoskeleton, apoptosis and coagulation pathways, inflammation and immune and stress responses. The balance between genes up- and down-regulated could explain the pathogenesis caused by these viruses (Wiki: SARS).

5. Host Ranges and Animal Models

SARS-CoV has been isolated from humans, civet cats, raccoon dogs, swine and bats, suggesting that several animal species may function as natural reservoirs for future outbreaks. The Chinese horseshoe bat, which is abundant across Southeast Asia, is probably the natural reservoir for SARS-CoV. Ciliated airway epithelium models derived from tracheobronchial airway epithelium of Balb-c mice (MAE), Golden Syrian hamsters (HmAE), and rhesus macaques (RhMAE) have been successfully developed (Sims et al., 2008).

6. Host Protective Immunity

Passive immunization has been successful in establishing protection from SARS-CoV suggesting an important role for neutralizing antibodies (Wiki: SARS).

II. Vaccine Related Pathogen Genes

1. envelope protein (E) gene of SARS-CoV

Gene Name : envelope protein (E) gene of SARS-CoV
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
NCBI Gene ID : 1489671
NCBI Protein GI : 29836499
Locus Tag : sars4
Protein Accession : NP_828854
Taxonomy ID : 694009
Gene Starting Position : 26116
Gene Ending Position : 26346
Gene Strand (Orientation) : +
Protein Name : protein E
Protein pI : 6.3
Protein Weight : 6972.52
Protein Length : 76
Protein Note : E. coli expression reported by Shen et al. (2003)

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|30271926:26116-26346 SARS coronavirus, complete genome
TATGTACTCATTCGTTTCGGAAGAAACAGGTACGTTAATAGTTAATAGCGTACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTC
GTGGTATTCTTGCTAGTCACACTAGCCATCCTTACTGCGCTTCGATTGTGTGCGTACTGCTGCAATATTG
TTAACGTGAGTTTAGTAAAACCAACGGTTTACGTCTACTCGCGTGTTAAAAATCTGAACTCTTCTGAAGG
AGTTCCTGATCTTCTGGTCTA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|29836499|ref|NP_828854.1| protein E [Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]
MYSFVSEETGTLIVNSVLLFLAFVVFLLVTLAILTALRLCAYCCNIVNVSLVKPTVYVYSRVKNLNSSEG
VPDLLV

Molecule Role : Virmugen
Molecule Role Annotation : An E mutant is attenuated in hamsters and induces significant protection from challenge with wild type SARS (Lamirande et al., 2008).
Related Vaccine(s): rMA15-ΔE vaccine , SARS-CoV E gene mutant vaccine

2. membrane protein (M) gene of SARS-CoV

Gene Name : membrane protein (M) gene of SARS-CoV
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : SARS-CoV
NCBI Protein GI : ABD75314
Other Database IDs : CDD:279907
Taxonomy ID : 347537
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
Protein Name : membrane protein
Protein pI : 10.04
Protein Weight : 24329.5
Protein Length : 279
Protein Note : Coronavirus M matrix/glycoprotein; pfam01635

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>ABD75314.1 membrane protein [Bat SARS CoV Rf1/2004]
MAENGTISVEELKRLLEQWNLVIGFLFLAWIMLLQFAYSNRNRLLYIIKLVFLWLLWPVTLACFVLAAVY
RINWVTGGIAIAMACIVGLMWLSYFVASFRLFARTRSMWSFNPETNILLNVPLRGTIVTRPLMESELVIG
AVIIRGHLRMAGHSLGRCDIKDLPKEITVATSRTLSYYKLGASQRVGTDSGFAAYNRYRIGNYKLNTDHS
GSNDNIALLVQ

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Demurtas et al., 2016)
Related Vaccine(s): SARS-CoV M protein DNA vaccine , SARS-CoV N + SARS-CoV M DNA vaccine

3. nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of SARS-CoV

Gene Name : nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of SARS-CoV
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : SARS-CoV
NCBI Protein GI : AAZ67049
Other Database IDs : CDD:279305
Taxonomy ID : 349344
Protein Name : nucleocapsid protein
Protein pI : 10.79
Protein Weight : 45847.78
Protein Length : 486
Protein Note : Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein; pfam00937

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>AAZ67049.1 nucleocapsid protein [Bat SARS CoV Rp3/2004]
MSDNGPQNQRSAPRITFGGPTDSTDNNQDGGRSGARPKQRRPQGLPNNTASWFTALTQHGKEELRFPRGQ
GVPINTNSGKDDQIGYYRRATRRVRGGDGKMKELSPRWYFYYLGTGPEASLPYGANKEGIVWVATEGALN
TPKDHIGTRNPNNNAAIVLQLPQGTTLPKGFYAEGSRGGSQASSRSSSRSRGNSRNSTPGSSRGNSPARM
ASGGGETALALLLLDRLNQLESKVSGRSQQQQGQTVTKKSAAEASKKPRQKRTATKQYNVTQAFGRRGPE
QTQGNFGDQELIRQGTDYKHWPQIAQFAPSASAFFGMSRIGMEVTPSGTWLTYHGAIKLDDKDPQFKDNV
ILLNKHIDAYKIFPPTEPKKDKKKKTDEAQPLPQRQKKQPTVTLLPAADMDDFSRQLQNSMSGASADSTQ
A

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : (Demurtas et al., 2016)
Related Vaccine(s): SARS-CoV Ad S/N vaccine , SARS-CoV N + SARS-CoV M DNA vaccine , SARS-CoV N protein DNA vaccine , SARS-CoV pCI-N DNA from vaccine

4. S protein gene from SARS Urbani

Gene Name : S protein gene from SARS Urbani
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : SARS coronavirus Urbani
NCBI Protein GI : 30027620
Other Database IDs : CDD:150170
CDD:190049
Taxonomy ID : 228330
Gene Strand (Orientation) : ?
Protein Name : S protein
Protein Length : 1255
Protein Note : Spike receptor binding domain; pfam09408

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>gi|30027620|gb|AAP13441.1| S protein [SARS coronavirus Urbani]
MFIFLLFLTLTSGSDLDRCTTFDDVQAPNYTQHTSSMRGVYYPDEIFRSDTLYLTQDLFLPFYSNVTGFH
TINHTFGNPVIPFKDGIYFAATEKSNVVRGWVFGSTMNNKSQSVIIINNSTNVVIRACNFELCDNPFFAV
SKPMGTQTHTMIFDNAFNCTFEYISDAFSLDVSEKSGNFKHLREFVFKNKDGFLYVYKGYQPIDVVRDLP
SGFNTLKPIFKLPLGINITNFRAILTAFSPAQDIWGTSAAAYFVGYLKPTTFMLKYDENGTITDAVDCSQ
NPLAELKCSVKSFEIDKGIYQTSNFRVVPSGDVVRFPNITNLCPFGEVFNATKFPSVYAWERKKISNCVA
DYSVLYNSTFFSTFKCYGVSATKLNDLCFSNVYADSFVVKGDDVRQIAPGQTGVIADYNYKLPDDFMGCV
LAWNTRNIDATSTGNYNYKYRYLRHGKLRPFERDISNVPFSPDGKPCTPPALNCYWPLNDYGFYTTTGIG
YQPYRVVVLSFELLNAPATVCGPKLSTDLIKNQCVNFNFNGLTGTGVLTPSSKRFQPFQQFGRDVSDFTD
SVRDPKTSEILDISPCSFGGVSVITPGTNASSEVAVLYQDVNCTDVSTAIHADQLTPAWRIYSTGNNVFQ
TQAGCLIGAEHVDTSYECDIPIGAGICASYHTVSLLRSTSQKSIVAYTMSLGADSSIAYSNNTIAIPTNF
SISITTEVMPVSMAKTSVDCNMYICGDSTECANLLLQYGSFCTQLNRALSGIAAEQDRNTREVFAQVKQM
YKTPTLKYFGGFNFSQILPDPLKPTKRSFIEDLLFNKVTLADAGFMKQYGECLGDINARDLICAQKFNGL
TVLPPLLTDDMIAAYTAALVSGTATAGWTFGAGAALQIPFAMQMAYRFNGIGVTQNVLYENQKQIANQFN
KAISQIQESLTTTSTALGKLQDVVNQNAQALNTLVKQLSSNFGAISSVLNDILSRLDKVEAEVQIDRLIT
GRLQSLQTYVTQQLIRAAEIRASANLAATKMSECVLGQSKRVDFCGKGYHLMSFPQAAPHGVVFLHVTYV
PSQERNFTTAPAICHEGKAYFPREGVFVFNGTSWFITQRNFFSPQIITTDNTFVSGNCDVVIGIINNTVY
DPLQPELDSFKEELDKYFKNHTSPDVDLGDISGINASVVNIQKEIDRLNEVAKNLNESLIDLQELGKYEQ
YIKWPWYVWLGFIAGLIAIVMVTILLCCMTSCCSCLKGACSCGSCCKFDEDDSEPVLKGVKLHYT

Molecule Role : Other

5. S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Gene Name : S protein gene of SARS-CoV
Sequence Strain (Species/Organism) : SARS coronavirus
VO ID : VO_0011320
NCBI Gene ID : 1489668
NCBI Protein GI : 29836496
Locus Tag : sars2
Protein Accession : NP_828851
Taxonomy ID : 227859
Gene Starting Position : 21491
Gene Ending Position : 25258
Gene Strand (Orientation) : +
Protein Name : E2 glycoprotein precursor
Protein pI : 5.6
Protein Weight : 130077.89
Protein Length : 1255
Protein Note : As established by Krokhin et al. (2003), the glycosylated spike protein (as well as the nucleocapsid protein) can be detected in infected cell culture supernatants with antisera from SARS patients.

DNA Sequence : Show Sequence

>NC_004718.3:21491-25258 SARS coronavirus, complete genome
CATGTTTATTTTCTTATTATTTCTTACTCTCACTAGTGGTAGTGACCTTGACCGGTGCACCACTTTTGAT
GATGTTCAAGCTCCTAATTACACTCAACATACTTCATCTATGAGGGGGGTTTACTATCCTGATGAAATTT
TTAGATCAGACACTCTTTATTTAACTCAGGATTTATTTCTTCCATTTTATTCTAATGTTACAGGGTTTCA
TACTATTAATCATACGTTTGGCAACCCTGTCATACCTTTTAAGGATGGTATTTATTTTGCTGCCACAGAG
AAATCAAATGTTGTCCGTGGTTGGGTTTTTGGTTCTACCATGAACAACAAGTCACAGTCGGTGATTATTA
TTAACAATTCTACTAATGTTGTTATACGAGCATGTAACTTTGAATTGTGTGACAACCCTTTCTTTGCTGT
TTCTAAACCCATGGGTACACAGACACATACTATGATATTCGATAATGCATTTAATTGCACTTTCGAGTAC
ATATCTGATGCCTTTTCGCTTGATGTTTCAGAAAAGTCAGGTAATTTTAAACACTTACGAGAGTTTGTGT
TTAAAAATAAAGATGGGTTTCTCTATGTTTATAAGGGCTATCAACCTATAGATGTAGTTCGTGATCTACC
TTCTGGTTTTAACACTTTGAAACCTATTTTTAAGTTGCCTCTTGGTATTAACATTACAAATTTTAGAGCC
ATTCTTACAGCCTTTTCACCTGCTCAAGACATTTGGGGCACGTCAGCTGCAGCCTATTTTGTTGGCTATT
TAAAGCCAACTACATTTATGCTCAAGTATGATGAAAATGGTACAATCACAGATGCTGTTGATTGTTCTCA
AAATCCACTTGCTGAACTCAAATGCTCTGTTAAGAGCTTTGAGATTGACAAAGGAATTTACCAGACCTCT
AATTTCAGGGTTGTTCCCTCAGGAGATGTTGTGAGATTCCCTAATATTACAAACTTGTGTCCTTTTGGAG
AGGTTTTTAATGCTACTAAATTCCCTTCTGTCTATGCATGGGAGAGAAAAAAAATTTCTAATTGTGTTGC
TGATTACTCTGTGCTCTACAACTCAACATTTTTTTCAACCTTTAAGTGCTATGGCGTTTCTGCCACTAAG
TTGAATGATCTTTGCTTCTCCAATGTCTATGCAGATTCTTTTGTAGTCAAGGGAGATGATGTAAGACAAA
TAGCGCCAGGACAAACTGGTGTTATTGCTGATTATAATTATAAATTGCCAGATGATTTCATGGGTTGTGT
CCTTGCTTGGAATACTAGGAACATTGATGCTACTTCAACTGGTAATTATAATTATAAATATAGGTATCTT
AGACATGGCAAGCTTAGGCCCTTTGAGAGAGACATATCTAATGTGCCTTTCTCCCCTGATGGCAAACCTT
GCACCCCACCTGCTCTTAATTGTTATTGGCCATTAAATGATTATGGTTTTTACACCACTACTGGCATTGG
CTACCAACCTTACAGAGTTGTAGTACTTTCTTTTGAACTTTTAAATGCACCGGCCACGGTTTGTGGACCA
AAATTATCCACTGACCTTATTAAGAACCAGTGTGTCAATTTTAATTTTAATGGACTCACTGGTACTGGTG
TGTTAACTCCTTCTTCAAAGAGATTTCAACCATTTCAACAATTTGGCCGTGATGTTTCTGATTTCACTGA
TTCCGTTCGAGATCCTAAAACATCTGAAATATTAGACATTTCACCTTGCGCTTTTGGGGGTGTAAGTGTA
ATTACACCTGGAACAAATGCTTCATCTGAAGTTGCTGTTCTATATCAAGATGTTAACTGCACTGATGTTT
CTACAGCAATTCATGCAGATCAACTCACACCAGCTTGGCGCATATATTCTACTGGAAACAATGTATTCCA
GACTCAAGCAGGCTGTCTTATAGGAGCTGAGCATGTCGACACTTCTTATGAGTGCGACATTCCTATTGGA
GCTGGCATTTGTGCTAGTTACCATACAGTTTCTTTATTACGTAGTACTAGCCAAAAATCTATTGTGGCTT
ATACTATGTCTTTAGGTGCTGATAGTTCAATTGCTTACTCTAATAACACCATTGCTATACCTACTAACTT
TTCAATTAGCATTACTACAGAAGTAATGCCTGTTTCTATGGCTAAAACCTCCGTAGATTGTAATATGTAC
ATCTGCGGAGATTCTACTGAATGTGCTAATTTGCTTCTCCAATATGGTAGCTTTTGCACACAACTAAATC
GTGCACTCTCAGGTATTGCTGCTGAACAGGATCGCAACACACGTGAAGTGTTCGCTCAAGTCAAACAAAT
GTACAAAACCCCAACTTTGAAATATTTTGGTGGTTTTAATTTTTCACAAATATTACCTGACCCTCTAAAG
CCAACTAAGAGGTCTTTTATTGAGGACTTGCTCTTTAATAAGGTGACACTCGCTGATGCTGGCTTCATGA
AGCAATATGGCGAATGCCTAGGTGATATTAATGCTAGAGATCTCATTTGTGCGCAGAAGTTCAATGGACT
TACAGTGTTGCCACCTCTGCTCACTGATGATATGATTGCTGCCTACACTGCTGCTCTAGTTAGTGGTACT
GCCACTGCTGGATGGACATTTGGTGCTGGCGCTGCTCTTCAAATACCTTTTGCTATGCAAATGGCATATA
GGTTCAATGGCATTGGAGTTACCCAAAATGTTCTCTATGAGAACCAAAAACAAATCGCCAACCAATTTAA
CAAGGCGATTAGTCAAATTCAAGAATCACTTACAACAACATCAACTGCATTGGGCAAGCTGCAAGACGTT
GTTAACCAGAATGCTCAAGCATTAAACACACTTGTTAAACAACTTAGCTCTAATTTTGGTGCAATTTCAA
GTGTGCTAAATGATATCCTTTCGCGACTTGATAAAGTCGAGGCGGAGGTACAAATTGACAGGTTAATTAC
AGGCAGACTTCAAAGCCTTCAAACCTATGTAACACAACAACTAATCAGGGCTGCTGAAATCAGGGCTTCT
GCTAATCTTGCTGCTACTAAAATGTCTGAGTGTGTTCTTGGACAATCAAAAAGAGTTGACTTTTGTGGAA
AGGGCTACCACCTTATGTCCTTCCCACAAGCAGCCCCGCATGGTGTTGTCTTCCTACATGTCACGTATGT
GCCATCCCAGGAGAGGAACTTCACCACAGCGCCAGCAATTTGTCATGAAGGCAAAGCATACTTCCCTCGT
GAAGGTGTTTTTGTGTTTAATGGCACTTCTTGGTTTATTACACAGAGGAACTTCTTTTCTCCACAAATAA
TTACTACAGACAATACATTTGTCTCAGGAAATTGTGATGTCGTTATTGGCATCATTAACAACACAGTTTA
TGATCCTCTGCAACCTGAGCTTGACTCATTCAAAGAAGAGCTGGACAAGTACTTCAAAAATCATACATCA
CCAGATGTTGATCTTGGCGACATTTCAGGCATTAACGCTTCTGTCGTCAACATTCAAAAAGAAATTGACC
GCCTCAATGAGGTCGCTAAAAATTTAAATGAATCACTCATTGACCTTCAAGAATTGGGAAAATATGAGCA
ATATATTAAATGGCCTTGGTATGTTTGGCTCGGCTTCATTGCTGGACTAATTGCCATCGTCATGGTTACA
ATCTTGCTTTGTTGCATGACTAGTTGTTGCAGTTGCCTCAAGGGTGCATGCTCTTGTGGTTCTTGCTGCA
AGTTTGATGAGGATGACTCTGAGCCAGTTCTCAAGGGTGTCAAATTACATTACACATA

Protein Sequence : Show Sequence

>NP_828851.1 E2 glycoprotein precursor [SARS coronavirus]
MFIFLLFLTLTSGSDLDRCTTFDDVQAPNYTQHTSSMRGVYYPDEIFRSDTLYLTQDLFLPFYSNVTGFH
TINHTFGNPVIPFKDGIYFAATEKSNVVRGWVFGSTMNNKSQSVIIINNSTNVVIRACNFELCDNPFFAV
SKPMGTQTHTMIFDNAFNCTFEYISDAFSLDVSEKSGNFKHLREFVFKNKDGFLYVYKGYQPIDVVRDLP
SGFNTLKPIFKLPLGINITNFRAILTAFSPAQDIWGTSAAAYFVGYLKPTTFMLKYDENGTITDAVDCSQ
NPLAELKCSVKSFEIDKGIYQTSNFRVVPSGDVVRFPNITNLCPFGEVFNATKFPSVYAWERKKISNCVA
DYSVLYNSTFFSTFKCYGVSATKLNDLCFSNVYADSFVVKGDDVRQIAPGQTGVIADYNYKLPDDFMGCV
LAWNTRNIDATSTGNYNYKYRYLRHGKLRPFERDISNVPFSPDGKPCTPPALNCYWPLNDYGFYTTTGIG
YQPYRVVVLSFELLNAPATVCGPKLSTDLIKNQCVNFNFNGLTGTGVLTPSSKRFQPFQQFGRDVSDFTD
SVRDPKTSEILDISPCAFGGVSVITPGTNASSEVAVLYQDVNCTDVSTAIHADQLTPAWRIYSTGNNVFQ
TQAGCLIGAEHVDTSYECDIPIGAGICASYHTVSLLRSTSQKSIVAYTMSLGADSSIAYSNNTIAIPTNF
SISITTEVMPVSMAKTSVDCNMYICGDSTECANLLLQYGSFCTQLNRALSGIAAEQDRNTREVFAQVKQM
YKTPTLKYFGGFNFSQILPDPLKPTKRSFIEDLLFNKVTLADAGFMKQYGECLGDINARDLICAQKFNGL
TVLPPLLTDDMIAAYTAALVSGTATAGWTFGAGAALQIPFAMQMAYRFNGIGVTQNVLYENQKQIANQFN
KAISQIQESLTTTSTALGKLQDVVNQNAQALNTLVKQLSSNFGAISSVLNDILSRLDKVEAEVQIDRLIT
GRLQSLQTYVTQQLIRAAEIRASANLAATKMSECVLGQSKRVDFCGKGYHLMSFPQAAPHGVVFLHVTYV
PSQERNFTTAPAICHEGKAYFPREGVFVFNGTSWFITQRNFFSPQIITTDNTFVSGNCDVVIGIINNTVY
DPLQPELDSFKEELDKYFKNHTSPDVDLGDISGINASVVNIQKEIDRLNEVAKNLNESLIDLQELGKYEQ
YIKWPWYVWLGFIAGLIAIVMVTILLCCMTSCCSCLKGACSCGSCCKFDEDDSEPVLKGVKLHYT

Molecule Role : Protective antigen
Molecule Role Annotation : The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV spike (S) protein is an important target in developing safe and effective SARS vaccines. A previous study has demonstrated that vaccination with adeno-associated virus encoding RBD (RBD-rAAV) induces high titer of neutralizing antibodies. The immune responses and protective effect of the immunization with RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-specific T cell peptide boost were assessed. Compared with the RBD-rAAV prime/boost vaccination, RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide (RBD-Pep) boost induced similar levels of Th1 and neutralizing antibody responses that protected the vaccinated mice from subsequent SARS-CoV challenge, but stronger Th2 and CTL responses. No significant immune responses and protective effects were detected in mice vaccinated with RBD-Pep or blank AAV alone (Du et al., 2008).
Related Vaccine(s): ADS-MVA vaccine , MVA/S vaccine , Recombinant spike polypeptide vaccine , rMV-SARS-CoV-S/Ssol , SARS Subunit Spike Protein with subunit boosting Vaccine , SARS-CoV Ad S/N vaccine , SARS-CoV CTLA4-S DNA vaccine , SARS-CoV Salmonella-CTLA4-S DNA vaccine , SARS-CoV Salmonella-tPA-S DNA vaccine , SARS-CoV tPA-S DNA vaccine

III. Vaccine Information

1. ADS-MVA vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein(Chen et al., 2005)

f. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant vector construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Vector:

live-attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) (Chen et al., 2005)

h. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

i. Description

Recombinant live-attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) had full-length SARS-CoV envelope Spike (S) glycoprotein gene was introduced into the deletion III region of the MVA genome.
(Chen et al., 2005)

j. Macaque Response

Vaccination Protocol: immunized intramuscular injection twice with a 4-week interval. 1 × 10^8 TCID50 for the first immunization and a dose of 3 × 10^8 TCID50 for the second injection. (Chen et al., 2005)
Immune Response: testing hosts generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies after 2 vaccinations
(Chen et al., 2005)
Challenge Protocol: immunized on days 0 and 28 via intranasal injection before challenged after second immunization on day 28 with 10^5 TCID50 of pathogenic SATS-CoVPUMC01.
(Chen et al., 2005)
Efficacy: likely protected (Chen et al., 2005)
Description: After virus challenge, SARS-CoV shedding detected by RT-PCR was only detected in the nasopharyngeal specimens of one of the four ADS-MVA immunized animals (Rh0413) on day 2 after virus challenge. No virus shedding was detectable on days 4 and 6 postchallenge in these four macaques. SARS-CoV could not be isolated from the lung specimens of ADS-MVA-immunized macaques on day 7 postchallenge. (Chen et al., 2005)

k. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (Chen et al., 2005)
Vaccination Protocol: immunized intramuscular injection twice with a 3-week interval. Two mice were given 2 × 106 TCID50 of the vaccine, and six mice received 2 × 10^7 TCID50.(Chen et al., 2005)
Immune Response: testing hosts generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies (Chen et al., 2005)

l. Rabbit Response

Vaccination Protocol: immunized intramuscular injection twice with a 3-week interval (Chen et al., 2005)
Immune Response: testing hosts generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies (Chen et al., 2005)

m. Ferret Response

Vaccination Protocol: Each ferret was immunized with rMVA-S (ferrets 7 to 9), n day 0 with a dose of 1e8 PFU of the corresponding virus per ferret by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, and a booster immunization was given on day 14 with the same regimen.(Weingartl et al., 2004)
Immune Response: Neutralizing activity was detected in sera along with a corresponding immunoglobin G titer collected from all three ferrets 7 days after booster immunization with rMVA-S virus, while the titer declined to undetectable level 14 days after the booster (Weingartl et al., 2004).
Side Effects: Ferrets immunized with rMVA-S (particularly ferret 9) developed severe periportal and panlobular mononuclear hepatitis in contrast to only mild periportal mononuclear hepatitis was observed in control ferrets (Weingartl et al., 2004) .
Challenge Protocol: Ferrets were challenged with 1e6 PFU of the SARS-CoV Tor2 isolate by the intranasal route(Weingartl et al., 2004).
Description: Study shows correlation with liver damage but does not definitely proof it is caused as SARS-CoV in ferrets also damage liver.(Weingartl et al., 2004)

2. Double Inactivated whole SARS-CoV vaccine

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

whole virus (Tseng et al., 2012)

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

Inactivated whole virus by formalin and Ultraviolet radiation, hence Double Inactivated (DI) Vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c and C57BL/6 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Vaccination Protocol: Each mouse received 100 µl injection of each vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. The injection was done at 1 µg, 0.5 µg, 0.25 µg, 0.125 µg of the vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)
Immune Response: Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer (Tseng et al., 2012)
Side Effects: Eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge, type-2 hypersensitivity reaction (Tseng et al., 2012)
Challenge Protocol: On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 106TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Efficacy: protected (Tseng et al., 2012)

3. Double Inactivated whole SARS-CoV vaccine + alum

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

whole virus(Tseng et al., 2012)

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

Inactivated whole virus by formalin and Ultraviolet radiation with alum vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c (Tseng et al., 2012)
Vaccination Protocol: Each mouse received 100 µl injection of each vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. The injection was done at 1 µg, 0.5 µg, 0.25 µg, 0.125 µg of the vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)
Immune Response: Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer that are higher than without adjuvant, neutrophil + eosinophil infiltration, Th2-type hypersensitivity reaction. (Tseng et al., 2012)
Side Effects: eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge, lower than without adjuvant (Tseng et al., 2012)
Challenge Protocol: On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 106TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Efficacy: protected (Tseng et al., 2012)

4. β-propiolactone-inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

whole virus (See et al., 2006)

f. Immunization Route

subcutaneous injection

g. Description

whole killed (inactivated by beta-propiolactone) SARS-CoV vaccine (See et al., 2006)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: 129S6/SvEv
Vaccination Protocol: Vaccination at 0 weeks and 4 weeks (See et al., 2006)
Immune Response: A 19-fold difference (P=0·02) in total SARS-CoV-specific IgG levels and lung viral titers were reduced by 4 logs to undetectable levels compared with titers observed in the PBS control on day 3 post-challenge, vaccinated animals showed significantly higher levels (P=0·002) of IFN-γ than control animals (See et al., 2006).
Challenge Protocol: Vaccination at 0 weeks and 4 weeks challenged by SARS-CoV-Tor2 at week 7 (See et al., 2006)

5. MA-ExoN vaccine

a. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

MA-ExoN (Graham et al., 2012)

f. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

g. Description

Live-attenuated RNA virus vaccine with engineered inactivation of SARS-CoV ExoN activity (MA-ExoN) (Graham et al., 2012)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c(Graham et al., 2012)
Vaccination Protocol: intranasally with varying doses (10^2–10^4 PFU, depending on the experiment) of SARS-CoV MA-ExoN (Graham et al., 2012)
Immune Response: generated high levels of neutralizing antibodies (Graham et al., 2012)
Challenge Protocol: intranasally injected 1e2.5 vaccination PFU of vaccine of SARS-CoV MA-ExoN then given SARS-CoV once recovered (Graham et al., 2012)
Efficacy: complete protection (Graham et al., 2012)

6. MVA/S vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein (Bisht et al., 2004)

f. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant vector construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Vector:

highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (Bisht et al., 2004)

h. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

i. Description

Recombinant form of the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) containing the gene encoding full-length SARS-CoV S (Bisht et al., 2004)

j. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c(Bisht et al., 2004)
Vaccination Protocol: Mice were inoculated i.n. or i.m. with 10^7 pfu of MVA/S at time 0 and again at 4 weeks. (Bisht et al., 2004)
Immune Response: Antibodies neturalized SARS-CoV in vitro after 2 doses (Bisht et al., 2004)
Challenge Protocol: inoculated intranasally or intramuscularly with 7log pfu of MVA at 0 and 4 weeks then challenged with TCID50 of SARS-CoV (Bisht et al., 2004)
Efficacy: little to no replication of SARS-CoV in the respiratory tracts after internasal inoculation(Bisht et al., 2004)

7. NDV-BC/S vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Monkey

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Monkey

e. Antigen

Full-length 1,255-aa SARS-CoV S protein (DiNapoli et al., 2007)

f. Vector:

Newcastle disease virus Beaudette C strain (NDV-BC) (DiNapoli et al., 2007)

g. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

h. Monkey Response

Host Strain: African Green Monkey
Vaccination Protocol: Monkeys were vaccinated with 10^7 pfu of the recombinant virus days 0 and 28 (the two-dose groups) or on day 0 only (the one-dose group). (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibodies, Produced S-specific antibodies, Increase in CD8+ T cells creating IFN-γ and TNF-α1 (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Challenge Protocol: 28 days after the second dose, they were challenged by the i.n. and i.t. routes with SARS-CoV at a tissue culture 50% infectious dose (TCID50) of 10^6 per site. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Efficacy: Protected (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Description: Exhibited average reductions in viral titer of 13-fold, 276-fold, and 1,102-fold in the nasal turbinate, trachea, and lung, respectively. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)

8. NDV-VF/S vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Monkey

d. Antigen

Full-length 1,255-aa SARS-CoV S protein (DiNapoli et al., 2007)

e. Vector:

Lentogenic LaSota strain modified that cleavage sequence of F protein replaced with NDV-BC. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)

f. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

g. Monkey Response

Host Strain: African Green Monkey
Vaccination Protocol: Monkeys were vaccinated with 107 pfu of the recombinant virus days 0 and 28 (the two-dose groups) or on day 0 only (the one-dose group). (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibodies, Produced S-specific antubodies, Increase in CD8+ T cells creating IFN-γ and TNF-α1 (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Challenge Protocol: 28 days after the second dose, they were challenged by the i.n. and i.t. routes with SARS-CoV at a tissue culture 50% infectious dose (TCID50) of 10^6 per site. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Efficacy: Protected (DiNapoli et al., 2007)
Description: Immunization with NDV-VF/S resulted in a 5-fold and 61-fold reduction in nasal turbinate and tracheal SARS-CoV titers, respectively, compared with the control animals. (DiNapoli et al., 2007)

9. RBD-rAAV-SARS-CoV

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0004678

b. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

e. Preparation

Inactivated SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) vaccine with adjuvant (Zheng et al., 2008).

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Mouse Response

Vaccination Protocol: Intranasal vaccination with RBD-rAAV (Zheng et al., 2008).
Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0000287
Immune Response: Induced production of IgG and IgA that exhibited neutralizing activity. Induced a markedly higher level of antigen specific IL-2+ T cells but a slightly lower level of IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen, IFN-γ-producing CD3+/CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the splenocytes of RBD-rAAV intranasally versus intramuscularly vaccinated mice. (Zheng et al., 2008)
Challenge Protocol: Mice were challenged with 10^5 TCID50f SARS-CoV strain GZ50 (Zheng et al., 2008).
Efficacy: RBD-rAAV vaccination provoked a prolonged antibody response with continually increasing levels of neutralising activity. When compared with the RBD-rAAV prime/boost vaccination, RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide boost induced similar levels of Th1 and neutralising antibody responses that protected vaccinated mice from subsequent SARS-CoV challenges,but stronger Th2 and CTL responses (Zheng et al., 2008).

10. RBD-rAAV-SARS-CoV-version-02

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0004679

b. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

e. Preparation

RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-specific T cell peptide boost (Du et al., 2008).

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (Du et al., 2008)
Vaccination Protocol: Mice were separated into 4 groups (9 mice per group) and primed with RBD-rAAV [intramuscular (i.m.), 2 × 10^11 VP /200 μl)] or RBD-peptides (N50 and N60, 50 μg each) plus CpG ODN (25 μg) [subcutaneous, (s.c.)] or blank AAV, and boosted with RBD-rAAV or RBD-Pep or AAV, respectively (Du et al., 2008).
Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0003057
Immune Response: Induced high level of IgG Ab response, reaching a peak 3 months post-vaccination, plateaued for 3 months, then decreased. Mucosal IgA Ab peaked 1 month after vaccination, then decreased in the next 5 months. Vaccination induced high levels of Agspecific IL-2+ T cells but slightly lower levels of IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen. Single dose did not trigger significant IL-2+ and IFN-γ+ T cell response. (Du et al., 2008)
Challenge Protocol: Forty days post-vaccination, mice were anaesthetized with isoflurane and i.n. inoculated with 50 μl of SARS-CoV strain GZ50 (5 × 10^5 TCID50) (Du et al., 2008).
Efficacy: Compared with the RBD-rAAV prime/boost vaccination, RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide (RBD-Pep) boost induced similar levels of Th1 and neutralizing antibody responses that protected the vaccinated mice from subsequent SARS-CoV challenge, but stronger Th2 and CTL responses. No significant immune responses and protective effects were detected in mice vaccinated with RBD-Pep or blank AAV alone (Du et al., 2008).

11. rDNA-expressed S protein + alum vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

ectodomain of the S protein(Tseng et al., 2012)

f. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

g. Description

rDNA-expressed ectodomain of the S protein + alum vaccine (Tseng et al., 2012)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: Each mouse received 100 µl injection of the vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. This was done at 2 µg, 1 µg, 0.5 µg, 0.5 µg of the vaccine per injection (Tseng et al., 2012)
Immune Response: Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer, higher titer of neutralizing antibodies without adjuvant (Tseng et al., 2012)
Side Effects: eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge, lessened compared to without adjuvant (Tseng et al., 2012)
Challenge Protocol: On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 10^6TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Efficacy: protected(Tseng et al., 2012)

12. rDNA-expressed S protein vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

ecto-domain of S protein (Tseng et al., 2012)

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

rDNA-expressed ectodomain of the S protein vaccine

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: Each mouse received 100 µl injection of the vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28. This was done at 2 µg, 1 µg, 0.5 µg, 0.5 µg of the vaccine per injection (Tseng et al., 2012)
Immune Response: Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer (Tseng et al., 2012)
Side Effects: eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge (Tseng et al., 2012)
Challenge Protocol: On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 106TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Efficacy: protected (Tseng et al., 2012)

13. Recombinant spike polypeptide vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein (Woo et al., 2005)

f. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant protein preparation
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)

h. Description

intraperitoneal recombinant spike polypeptide generated by amplify gene encoding amino acids residues 14-667 of S protein that was cloned BamHI and KpnI sites of vector pQE-31 that was generated by Escherichia coli (Woo et al., 2005)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (H-2d)
Vaccination Protocol: 50 μg administered via intraperitoneal route on days 0, 14, and 28. (Woo et al., 2005)
Immune Response: No neutralizing antibody production, high IgG levels, lymphocyte proliferation, production of IFN-γ >6000 pg/ml at 48hrs and 72hrs, detectable production of IL-4 at 24hrs (Woo et al., 2005)

14. rMA15-ΔE vaccine

a. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

virulent mouse-adapted SARS-CoV with E-deletion (rMA15-ΔE) (Fett et al., 2013)

f. Gene Engineering of envelope protein (E) gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Gene mutation
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

h. Description

recombinant MA15 virulent mouse-adapted SARS-CoV (MA15) background of E-deleted vaccine candidate (rMA15-ΔE) (Fett et al., 2013)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibodies, Produced optimal levels of CD4 and CD8 T cells (Fett et al., 2013)
Side Effects: Minor peribronchial and perivascular infiltration in aged (18-month-old) mice (Fett et al., 2013)
Challenge Protocol: Mice were challenged with 10^5 PFU of MA15 at day 21 after immunization. (Fett et al., 2013)
Efficacy: Protected (Fett et al., 2013)

15. rMV-S + rMV-N vaccine

a. Type:

Mixed vaccine of two viral vector vaccines

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Mouse

d. Antigen

codon-optimised spike glycoprotein (S), SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (N) (Liniger et al., 2008)

e. Vector:

Live-attenuated recombinant measles virus (rMV) (Liniger et al., 2008).

f. Immunization Route

Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)

g. Description

Live attenuated recombinant measles viruses (rMV) expressing a codon-optimised spike glycoprotein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (Weingartl et al., 2004).

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Ifnartm-CD46Ge transgenic mice(Liniger et al., 2008)
Vaccination Protocol: Mice were immunized with 0.5 × 10^4 pfu of each recombinant virus per mouse (Liniger et al., 2008)
Immune Response: Induction of both humoral neutralizing and cellular responses against SARS-CoV, and neutralizing immunity against MV. (Liniger et al., 2008)

16. rMV-SARS-CoV-S/Ssol

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0004711

b. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

e. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant vector construction
Description: A live attenuated recombinant meas(Escriou et al., 2014)s vaccine (MV) candidates expressing either the membrane-anchore SARS-CoV spike (S) protein (Escriou et al., 2014).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

f. Preparation

Live attenuated recombinant measles vaccine (MV) candidates expressing either the membrane-anchored SARS-CoV spike (S) protein or its secreted soluble ectodomain (Ssol) (Escriou et al., 2014).

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: CD46-IFNAR (Escriou et al., 2014)
Vaccination Protocol: Mice were immunized with two intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections at 4-week interval of 10^5 TCID50 of MV-S or MV-Ssol recombinant viruses (Escriou et al., 2014).
Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0003057
Immune Response: Production of anti-SARS IgG (specifically IgG2a) after 1 dose, increased by 10-20 fold after second dose. Induced production of neutralizing antibodies, as well as moderate levels of anti-SARS IgA antibodies (Escriou et al., 2014)
Challenge Protocol: Mice were inoculated intranasally with 105 pfu of SARS-CoV five weeks after the second immunization (Escriou et al., 2014).
Efficacy: Recombinant MV expressing the anchored full-length S induced the highest titers of neutralizing antibodies and fully protected immunized animals from intranasal infectious challenge with SARS-CoV (Escriou et al., 2014).

17. SARS Subunit Spike Protein with subunit boosting Vaccine

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0011486

b. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant vector construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

e. Adjuvant:

VO ID: VO_0001237

f. Vector:

Adeno-associated virus (Du et al., 2008).

g. Immunization Route

Subcutaneous injection

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c (Du et al., 2008)
Vaccination Protocol: Mice were Mice were separated into 4 groups (9 mice per group) and primed with RBD-rAAV [intramuscular (i.m.), 2 × 10^11 VP /200 μl)] or RBD-peptides (N50 and N60, 50 μg each) plus CpG ODN (25 μg) [subcutaneous, (s.c.)] or blank AAV, and boosted with RBD-rAAV or RBD-Pep or AAV, respectively (Du et al., 2008).
Immune Response: Vaccination increased production (P < 0.05) of IL-4-producting Th2 cells higher than those in RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV vaccinated animals, but a lower level (P < 0.05) of IL-10-secreting Th2 cells that play roles in down-regulation of immune responses, as compared to those of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost vaccination. RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-pep exhibited similar frequencies of IFN-γ-producing cells (Th1) to RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost vaccinated animals. Increased production of IL-2-secreting cells. Induction of SARS-CoV-specific IgG production. (Du et al., 2008)
Challenge Protocol: Mice intranasally challenged with SARS-CoV strain GZ50 40 days post-vaccination (Du et al., 2008).
Efficacy: SARS-CoV viral load in lung tissues was significantly reduced in mice vaccinated with RBD-Pep. Very low level of viral load was detected in lung tissues of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-Pep boost group, similar to that in lung tissues of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost group. Vaccination of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide boost was able to significantly inhibit SARS-CoV infection (Du et al., 2008).

18. SARS-CoV Ad S/N vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein, N (See et al., 2006)

f. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant vector construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Gene Engineering of nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant vector construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

h. Vector:

attenuated adenovirus(See et al., 2006)

i. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

j. Description

A combination of two adenovirus-based vectors, one expressing the nucleocapsid (N) and the other expressing the spike (S) protein (See et al., 2006)

k. Mouse Response

Host Strain: 129S6/SvEv (See et al., 2006)
Vaccination Protocol: Mouse was immunized on day 0 and week 4 (See et al., 2006)
Immune Response: Quantifiable humoral response with presence of SARS-CoV-specific IgG1 and a significant reduction in level of SARS-CoV RNA in lung titers. Production of IFN-γ. (See et al., 2006)
Challenge Protocol: Mouse was immunized on day 0 and week 4 and then challenged with SARS-COV Tor2 at week 7 (See et al., 2006).
Efficacy: Partially protected (See et al., 2006)

19. SARS-CoV CRT-N vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

N protein (Kim et al., 2004)

f. Immunization Route

Intravenous injection (i.v.)

g. Description

A DNA vaccine encoding CRT linked to a SARS-CoV N (Kim et al., 2004)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: C57BL/6 (Kim et al., 2004)
Vaccination Protocol: DNA-coated gold particles were prepared and delivered to the shaved abdominal regions of mice using a helium-driven gene gun (Bio-Rad) with a discharge pressure of 400 lb/in2. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 2 μg of the plasmid encoding CRT/N protein. The mice received two boosters with the same dose at a 1-week interval. (Kim et al., 2004)
Immune Response: Significantly increased neutralizing antibody titre to N protein DNA vaccine (Vaccine 5732) and significantly greater count of INF-gamma CD8_ lymphocytes within splenocytes (Kim et al., 2004)
Challenge Protocol: Vaccinated mice challenged with DNA encoding CRT/Na nd challenged these mice with Vac-N or Vac-WT (Recombinant vaccinnia virus expressing SARS N protein or wild-type vaccinia virus, respectively) intranasally or intravenously 1 week after the last vaccination (Kim et al., 2004)
Efficacy: significantly reduced viral titer load(Kim et al., 2004)

20. SARS-CoV CTLA4-S DNA vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein(Woo et al., 2005)

f. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

CTLA4HingeSARS800 DNA from SARS-CoV S protein vaccine (Woo et al., 2005)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (H-2d) (Woo et al., 2005)
Vaccination Protocol: 100 μg intramuscular administration of vaccine, then 50 μg intraperitoneal injection at 14 and 28 days (Woo et al., 2005)
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibody, high IgG levels, lymphocyte proliferation, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-4 (48hrs)
(Woo et al., 2005)

21. SARS-CoV E gene mutant vaccine

a. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0002993

b. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

c. Status:

Research

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Hamster

e. Gene Engineering of envelope protein (E) gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Gene mutation
Description: This E gene is from SARS coronavirus (Lamirande et al., 2008).
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

f. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

g. Hamster Response

Host Strain: LVG (SYR) (Lamirande et al., 2008)
Persistence: An E gene mutant is attenuated in hamsters (Lamirande et al., 2008).
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibodies. (Lamirande et al., 2008)
Efficacy: An E gene mutant induces significant protection in hamsters from challenge with wild type SARS (Lamirande et al., 2008).

22. SARS-CoV M protein DNA vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

membrane protein (M) (Shi et al., 2006)

f. Gene Engineering of membrane protein (M) gene of SARS-CoV

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

DNA vaccine made from recombinant plasmid containing membrane protein (M) sequence constructed then expressed and purified from E. coli bacteria (Shi et al., 2006)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (Shi et al., 2006)
Vaccination Protocol: 20 μg of vaccine intramuscular injection (Shi et al., 2006)
Immune Response: N-specific IgG (mostly IgG2a) (Shi et al., 2006)

j. Vole Response

Host Strain: Microtus brandti raddes (Shi et al., 2006)
Vaccination Protocol: 100 μg injected three times at an interval of 7 days (Shi et al., 2006)
Immune Response: N-specific IgG (mostly IgG2a) (Shi et al., 2006)

23. SARS-CoV N + SARS-CoV M DNA vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

N, membrane protein (M) (Shi et al., 2006)

f. Gene Engineering of nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of SARS-CoV

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Gene Engineering of membrane protein (M) gene of SARS-CoV

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

h. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

i. Description

DNA vaccine made from recombinant plasmids containing membrane protein (M) and nucleocapsid protein (N) sequences constructed then expressed and purified from E. coli bacteria (Shi et al., 2006)

j. Vole Response

Vaccination Protocol: 100 μg injected (Shi et al., 2006)
Immune Response: increased N-specific antibodies compared to Vaccine 5732, increased lymphocyte proliferation specific to N antigen than Vaccine 5732 (Shi et al., 2006)
Challenge Protocol: 100 μg injected (Shi et al., 2006)
Efficacy: 6/7 voles protected (Shi et al., 2006)

k. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (Shi et al., 2006)
Vaccination Protocol: 20 μg of intramuscular vaccine injection (Shi et al., 2006)
Immune Response: Production of N-specific IgG antibodies (paricularly IgG2a), Lymphocyte proliferation, Production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, Increased CD4+ and CD8+ levels (Shi et al., 2006)

24. SARS-CoV N protein DNA vaccine

a. Type:

Subunit vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

N (Shi et al., 2006)

f. Gene Engineering of nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant protein preparation
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

DNA vaccine made from recombinant plasmid containing nucleocapsid protein (N) sequence constructed then expressed and purified from E. coli bacteria (Shi et al., 2006)

i. Mouse Response

Vaccination Protocol: DNA-coated gold particles were prepared and delivered to the shaved abdominal regions of mice using a helium-driven gene gun (Bio-Rad) with a discharge pressure of 400 lb/in2. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 2 μg of the plasmid encoding N protein. The mice received two boosters with the same dose at a 1-week interval. (Kim et al., 2004)
Immune Response: Significantly increased neutralizing antibody titer to N protein DNA vaccine and significantl count of INF-gamma CD8_ lymphocytes within splenocytes (Kim et al., 2004)
Challenge Protocol: Challenge Protocol: Vaccinated mice challenged with DNA encoding N and challenged these mice with Vac-N or Vac-WT (Recombinant vaccinnia virus expressing SARS N protein or wild-type vaccinia virus, respectively) intranasally or intravenously 1 week after the last vaccination (Kim et al., 2004)
Efficacy: reduced viral titer load(Kim et al., 2004)

j. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (Shi et al., 2006)
Vaccination Protocol: 20 μg of vaccine intramuscular injection (Shi et al., 2006)
Immune Response: Production of N-specific IgG antibodies (paricularly IgG2a), Lymphocyte proliferation, Production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, Increased CD4+ and CD8+ levels
(Shi et al., 2006)

k. Vole Response

Host Strain: Microtus brandti raddes (Shi et al., 2006)
Vaccination Protocol: 100 μg injected (Shi et al., 2006)
Immune Response: increased N-specific antibodies, increased lymphocye proliferation specific to N antigen (Shi et al., 2006)
Challenge Protocol: 100 μg injected three times at an interval of 7 days and then challenged with live SARS-CoV (PUMC01) (Shi et al., 2006)

25. SARS-CoV pCI-N DNA from vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein (Zhao et al., 2005)

f. Gene Engineering of nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of SARS-CoV

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

A plasmid pCI-N, encoding the full-length N gene of SARS-CoV, was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha (Zhao et al., 2005)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c(Zhao et al., 2005)
Vaccination Protocol: 200 μg of Vaccine 573 in both tibialis anterior muscles three times at 2-week intervals (Zhao et al., 2005)
Immune Response: Anti-N immunoglobulins (specifically IgG2a) and splenocytes proliferative responses against N protein, splenocyte production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, production of N-specific CD8+ T cells, delayed-type hypersensitivity response
(Zhao et al., 2005)
Side Effects: Delayed hypersensitivity response (Zhao et al., 2005)

26. SARS-CoV rVV-SARS-N

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

N protein (Zhao et al., 2016)

f. Vector:

recombinant vaccinia virus (Zhou et al., 2006)

g. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

h. Description

recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the N protein (rVV-SARS-N)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: Mice were vaccinated with rVV-SARS-N i.n. and boosted 6–7 weeks later.
Immune Response: Production of N-specific CD4+ T cells, Production of IFN-γ, Production of IL-10, Increased mobilization of CD8+ cells to infected lung. (Zhao et al., 2016)
Efficacy: protected (Zhao et al., 2016)

27. SARS-CoV S Baculovirus Vaccine

a. Type:

Recombinant vector vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

Mouse, Rat

e. Antigen

S protein of SARS-CoV (Zhou et al., 2006)

f. Vector:

Baculovirus (Zhou et al., 2006)

g. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

h. Description

recombinant SARS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein viral vaccine produced in insect cells that is expressed by baculovirus (Zhou et al., 2006)

28. SARS-CoV Salmonella-CTLA4-S DNA vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein (Woo et al., 2005)

f. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant vector construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Oral

h. Description

oral live-attenuated auxotrophic S. typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 that contained CTLA4HingeSARS800 DNA vaccine (Woo et al., 2005)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/ (H-2d) (Woo et al., 2005)
Vaccination Protocol: : oral injection of 6e9 live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium that underwent transfection of CTLA4-, then 50 μg spike polypeptide administered via intraperitoneal injection on days 28 and 42. (Woo et al., 2005)
Immune Response: Immune Response Description: neutralizing antibody titers of <1:20–1:160, lymphocyte proliteration, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-4 (48hrs) (Woo et al., 2005)

29. SARS-CoV Salmonella-tPA-S DNA vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein (Woo et al., 2005)

f. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: Recombinant vector construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Oral

h. Description

oral live-attenuated auxotrophic S. typhimurium aroA strain SL7207 that contained tPA-optimize800 DNA vaccine (Woo et al., 2005)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (H-2d) (Woo et al., 2005)
Vaccination Protocol: oral injection of 6e9 live attenuated Salmonella typhimurium that underwent transfection of tPA-S (Woo et al., 2005)
Immune Response: neutralizing antibody titers of <1:20–1:160, lymphocyte proliteration, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-4 (48hrs) (Woo et al., 2005)

30. SARS-CoV tPA-S DNA vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

S protein (Woo et al., 2005)

f. Gene Engineering of S protein gene of SARS-CoV

Type: DNA vaccine construction
Description:
Detailed Gene Information: Click here.

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

tPA-optimize800 DNA vaccine of SARS-CoV S protein (Woo et al., 2005)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (H-2d) (Woo et al., 2005)
Vaccination Protocol: 100 μg of intramuscular administration of vaccine then 50 μg intraperitoneal injection of spike polypeptide at 28 and 42 days (Woo et al., 2005)
Immune Response: neutralizing antibody titers of <1:20–1:160, lymphocyte proliteration, production of IFN-γ, production of IL-4 (48hrs) (Woo et al., 2005)

31. SARS-CoV VLP-MHV + alum vaccine

a. Type:

Virus like particle vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

SARS-CoV spike protein (S) (Tseng et al., 2012)

f. Vector:

Nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins from mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) (Tseng et al., 2012)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

Virus like particle vaccine produced from SARS-CoV spike protein (S) and the Nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins from mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) (Tseng et al., 2012)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: Each mouse received 100 µl injection containing 2 µg of vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Immune Response: Increased titer of neutralizing antibodies and reduced viral titer (Tseng et al., 2012)
Side Effects: eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge (Tseng et al., 2012)
Challenge Protocol: On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 10^6TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Efficacy: protected (Tseng et al., 2012)

32. SARS-CoV VLP-MHV vaccine

a. Type:

Virus like particle vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

SARS-CoV spike protein (S) (Tseng et al., 2012)

f. Vector:

Nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins from mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) (Tseng et al., 2012)

g. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

h. Description

Virus like particle vaccine produced from SARS-CoV spike protein (S) and the Nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins from mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) (Tseng et al., 2012)

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: Each mouse received 100 µl injection containing 2 µg of vaccine intramuscularly on days 0 and 28 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibody, Neutrophil + eosinophil infiltration, Th2-type hypersensitivity reaction. (Tseng et al., 2012)
Side Effects: eosinophil infiltration in the lung lesions after challenge (Tseng et al., 2012)
Challenge Protocol: On day 56 after first vaccination, each mice was challenged challenged with 106TCID50/60 µl of SARS-CoV intranasally (IN) and euthanized on day 58 (Tseng et al., 2012)
Efficacy: protected (Tseng et al., 2012)

33. UV Inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine

a. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

whole virus(Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

Ultraviolet radiation applied to SARS virus. Vaccine causes eosinophilic immunopathology to SARS while providing protection (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: 10 μg UV-V subcutaneously injected in back and reimmunized 6 to 7 weeks later (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibodies, Lymphocyte infiltration, Upregulation of IL-4 and CCL24, CD11b+ cells upregulated genes associated with eosinophil induction (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014).
Side Effects: Eosinophil infiltration present in the lungs (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Challenge Protocol: 10 week old BALB/c mice were vaccinated with 10 μg UV-V and boosted 6 weeks later. Four weeks afterwards, the animals were inoculated in the left nostril with 106.5 TCID50 in 30 μl of F-musX(Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014).
Efficacy: Most mice survived challenge after weight loss and respiratory disease (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)

34. UV-Inactivated SARS-CoV + TLR Agonist Vaccine

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

whole virus (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)

f. Immunization Route

subcutaneous injection

g. Description

Ultraviolet radiation is used to inactivate SARS-CoV and a Toll-Like Receptor Agonist Adjuvant is added to prevent eosinophilic immunopathology (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014).

h. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: 10 μg of UV-Inactivated SARS-CoV + TLR Agonist Vaccine subcutaneously injected in back and reimmunized 6 to 7 weeks later (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Immune Response: Induced neutralizing antibodies (More than in UV-V), Lymphocyte infiltration, High levels of CXCL10 and CXCL1, Production of IFN-β, Upregulation of TNF-α1 (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Side Effects: Minor eosinophil lung infiltration (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Challenge Protocol: 10 week old BALB/c mice were vaccinated with 10 μg UV-V and boosted 6 weeks later. Four weeks afterwards, the animals were inoculated in the left nostril with 106.5 TCID50 in 30 μl of F-musX(Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014)
Efficacy: All mice survived challenge (Iwata-Yoshikawa et al., 2014).

35. VRC-SRSDNA015-00-VP vaccine

a. Type:

DNA vaccine

b. Status:

Clinical trial

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Human

d. Antigen

S protein (Martin et al., 2008)

e. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

f. Description

A single-plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the Spike (S) glycoprotein. (Martin et al., 2008)

g. Human Response

Vaccination Protocol: Injections on study days 0, 28, and 56 at a 4 mg dose in the lateral deltoid muscle (Martin et al., 2008)
Immune Response: S-specific antibody, neutralizing antibodies present. S-specific CD4+ T cell response was detected in all patients, where on 20% had S-specific CD8+ T cell responses. (Martin et al., 2008)
Side Effects: Chills, fever, headache, injection site pain, malaise, myalgia, redness, swelling, tenderness (Martin et al., 2008)

36. VRP-MERS-N vaccine

a. Type:

Viral Like Particle Vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

N protein (Zhao et al., 2016)

f. Vector:

Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (Zhao et al., 2016)

g. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

h. Description

Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons bearing epitopes of N protein from MERS(Zhao et al., 2016). Identical to VRP-MERS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5748).

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: Balb/c (H-2d)
Immune Response: Reduced viral titre, production of N-specific CD4+ T cells, Production of IFN-γ, Production of CD8+ T cells. (Zhao et al., 2016)
Challenge Protocol: Mice were challenged 4-6 weeks after boosting (Zhao et al., 2016)

37. VRP-SARS-N vaccine

a. Type:

Viral Like Particle Vaccine

b. Status:

Licensed

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model:

mouse

e. Antigen

CD4+ T cell epitope in the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV (N353) (Zhao et al., 2016)

f. Vector:

Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) (Zhao et al., 2016)

g. Immunization Route

intranasal immunization

h. Description

Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons (VRP) encoding a SARS-CoV CD4+ T cell epitope vaccinated intranasally. Does not have same efficacy if vaccinated subcutaneously (Zhao et al., 2016)
Identical to VRP-SARS-N vaccine (Vaccine 5755).

i. Mouse Response

Host Strain: BALB/c
Vaccination Protocol: vaccinated BALB/c mice twice at 6–7 week intervals with VRP-SARS-N at 100 PFU (Zhao et al., 2016)
Immune Response: Decreased viral titre, increase in N-specific CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ in lungs, production of IL-10, increased mobilization of CD8+ cells to infected lung. (Zhao et al., 2016)
Challenge Protocol: challenged 6-7 weeks after second vaccination with doses from 100, 500, 1,000 PFU of SARS-CoV (Zhao et al., 2005)
Efficacy: nearly complete protection at 100 pfu, protected at 500 and 1000 pfu doses (Zhao et al., 2016)
Description: Better results compared to different vaccination routes (Zhao et al., 2016).

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