• Vaccine Ontology ID: VO_0004678
• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Preparation: Inactivated SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) vaccine with adjuvant (Zheng et al., 2008).
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

• Vaccine Ontology ID: VO_0004679
• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Preparation: RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-specific T cell peptide boost (Du et al., 2008).
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

• Vaccine Ontology ID: VO_0004711
• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• S protein gene of SARS-CoV gene engineering:
  • Type: Recombinant vector construction
  • Description: A live attenuated recombinant meas(Escriou et al., 2014)s vaccine (MV) candidates expressing either the membrane-anchore SARS-CoV spike (S) protein (Escriou et al., 2014).
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Preparation: Live attenuated recombinant measles vaccine (MV) candidates expressing either the membrane-anchored SARS-CoV spike (S) protein or its secreted soluble ectodomain (Ssol) (Escriou et al., 2014).
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

• Vaccine Ontology ID: VO_0011486
• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Research
• S protein gene of SARS-CoV gene engineering:
  • Type: Recombinant vector construction
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Adjuvant:
  • VO ID: VO_0001237
• Vector: Adeno-associated virus (Du et al., 2008).
• Immunization Route: Subcutaneous injection

Mouse Response

• Vaccination Protocol: Intranasal vaccination with RBD-rAAV (Zheng et al., 2008).
• Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0000287
• Immune Response: Induced production of IgG and IgA that exhibited neutralizing activity. Induced a markedly higher level of antigen specific IL-2+ T cells but a slightly lower level of IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen, IFN-γ-producing CD3+/CD8+ T cells were significantly higher in the splenocytes of RBD-rAAV intranasally versus intramuscularly vaccinated mice. (Zheng et al., 2008)
• Challenge Protocol: Mice were challenged with 10^5 TCID50f SARS-CoV strain GZ50 (Zheng et al., 2008).
• Efficacy: RBD-rAAV vaccination provoked a prolonged antibody response with continually increasing levels of neutralising activity. When compared with the RBD-rAAV prime/boost vaccination, RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide boost induced similar levels of Th1 and neutralising antibody responses that protected vaccinated mice from subsequent SARS-CoV challenges,but stronger Th2 and CTL responses (Zheng et al., 2008).

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: Balb/c (Du et al., 2008)
• Vaccination Protocol: Mice were separated into 4 groups (9 mice per group) and primed with RBD-rAAV [intramuscular (i.m.), 2 × 10^11 VP /200 μl)] or RBD-peptides (N50 and N60, 50 μg each) plus CpG ODN (25 μg) [subcutaneous, (s.c.)] or blank AAV, and boosted with RBD-rAAV or RBD-Pep or AAV, respectively (Du et al., 2008).
• Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0003057
• Immune Response: Induced high level of IgG Ab response, reaching a peak 3 months post-vaccination, plateaued for 3 months, then decreased. Mucosal IgA Ab peaked 1 month after vaccination, then decreased in the next 5 months. Vaccination induced high levels of Agspecific IL-2+ T cells but slightly lower levels of IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen. Single dose did not trigger significant IL-2+ and IFN-γ+ T cell response. (Du et al., 2008)
• Challenge Protocol: Forty days post-vaccination, mice were anaesthetized with isoflurane and i.n. inoculated with 50 μl of SARS-CoV strain GZ50 (5 × 10^5 TCID50) (Du et al., 2008).
• Efficacy: Compared with the RBD-rAAV prime/boost vaccination, RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide (RBD-Pep) boost induced similar levels of Th1 and neutralizing antibody responses that protected the vaccinated mice from subsequent SARS-CoV challenge, but stronger Th2 and CTL responses. No significant immune responses and protective effects were detected in mice vaccinated with RBD-Pep or blank AAV alone (Du et al., 2008).

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: CD46-IFNAR (Escriou et al., 2014)
• Vaccination Protocol: Mice were immunized with two intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections at 4-week interval of 10^5 TCID50 of MV-S or MV-Ssol recombinant viruses (Escriou et al., 2014).
• Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0003057
• Immune Response: Production of anti-SARS IgG (specifically IgG2a) after 1 dose, increased by 10-20 fold after second dose. Induced production of neutralizing antibodies, as well as moderate levels of anti-SARS IgA antibodies (Escriou et al., 2014)
• Challenge Protocol: Mice were inoculated intranasally with 105 pfu of SARS-CoV five weeks after the second immunization (Escriou et al., 2014).
• Efficacy: Recombinant MV expressing the anchored full-length S induced the highest titers of neutralizing antibodies and fully protected immunized animals from intranasal infectious challenge with SARS-CoV (Escriou et al., 2014).

Mouse Response

• Host Strain: BALB/c (Du et al., 2008)
• Vaccination Protocol: Mice were Mice were separated into 4 groups (9 mice per group) and primed with RBD-rAAV [intramuscular (i.m.), 2 × 10^11 VP /200 μl)] or RBD-peptides (N50 and N60, 50 μg each) plus CpG ODN (25 μg) [subcutaneous, (s.c.)] or blank AAV, and boosted with RBD-rAAV or RBD-Pep or AAV, respectively (Du et al., 2008).
• Immune Response: Vaccination increased production (P < 0.05) of IL-4-producting Th2 cells higher than those in RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV vaccinated animals, but a lower level (P < 0.05) of IL-10-secreting Th2 cells that play roles in down-regulation of immune responses, as compared to those of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost vaccination. RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-pep exhibited similar frequencies of IFN-γ-producing cells (Th1) to RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost vaccinated animals. Increased production of IL-2-secreting cells. Induction of SARS-CoV-specific IgG production. (Du et al., 2008)
• Challenge Protocol: Mice intranasally challenged with SARS-CoV strain GZ50 40 days post-vaccination (Du et al., 2008).
• Efficacy: SARS-CoV viral load in lung tissues was significantly reduced in mice vaccinated with RBD-Pep. Very low level of viral load was detected in lung tissues of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-Pep boost group, similar to that in lung tissues of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-rAAV boost group. Vaccination of RBD-rAAV prime/RBD-peptide boost was able to significantly inhibit SARS-CoV infection (Du et al., 2008).