]> Alexander D. Diehl Thomas Todd Rebecca Racz Ryan R. Brinkman Alan Ruttenburg Barry Smith Bjoern Peters Febuary 2, 2012 Samantha G. Sayers (SGS) en Richard H. Scheuermann Melanie Courtot Chris Mungall An ontology for the annotation of the vaccine domain. Draft version Lindsay Cowell OWL-DL The Vaccine Ontology (VO) is a biomedical ontology in the domain of vaccine. VO aims to standardize vaccine annotation, integrate various vaccine data, and support computer-assisted reasoning. VO supports basic vaccine R&D and clincal vaccine usage. VO is primarily developed by Dr. Yongqun "Oliver" He at the University of Michigan Medical School. VO is being developed as a community-based ontology with support and collaborations from the vaccine and bio-ontology communities. Vaccine Ontology Vision Release; 1.0.562 Yongqun "Oliver" He (YH) Yu Lin (YL) Zuoshuang "Allen" Xiang definition editor note has curation status definition source definition editor alternative term editor preferred term example of usage has_dose_specification YH, XZ has_dose_specification is a relation that specifies the dose of a vaccine used for a specific vaccination process. has_vaccine_contraindication has_vaccine_contraindication is a relation that specifies contraindication of a vaccine. YH This relation may be replaced by has_vaccine_allergen. We need to determine if any vaccine contraindicator is not a vaccine allergen. has_adverse_event_disposition YH, XZ has_adverse_event_disposition is a relation that specifies some adverse event disposition that a vaccine may have. infection_of The relation 'infection_of' is introduced to represent an infection caused by an infectious pathogen. A pathogen infection is a disorder. Since the number of pathogens is large, there are numerous infections. To make the description of a specific infection simple, the shortcut term 'infection_of' is defined: infection_of X = infection and has_part some (organism X and has_disposition some infectious disposition) YH, XZ, MC, BP, AR infection_of is a relation between a disorder and an infectious pathogen. disease_caused_by YH vaccinates "A vaccinates B" means that the vaccine A is used for vaccinating the host B (e.g., human). A relationship between a vaccine instance and an organism type such that if the vaccine instance is given to an instance of the organism by the process vaccination, then it changes the organism's disposition to have an immune response against a disease. YH, AR, ZX, MC has_route_specification YH has_vaccination_route is a relation that specifies the route of a vaccine. has_vaccine_allergen has_vaccine_allegen is a relation that specifies an allegen to a vaccine. YH has_gene_mutation_of YH is_distributed_by YH, ZX is_distributed_by is a relation that specifies a company that distributes a product (e.g., vaccine). The company is very likely not the manufacturer of the product. has_vaccine_target YL is a short relation: 'vaccine' has_vaccine_target 'Y' equal to: 'vaccine' is_output_of ('vaccine preparation and (realizes some ('vaccine target specification' and is_about some 'Y'))) Y is the union of organism and disease. participates_in influenza Feline herpesvirus 1 VEE virus Birds chicken horse pig independent variable specification dependent variable specification live part of pathogen organism in vaccine YH 'part of organism in vaccine' is a pathogen component in vaccine that contains only a part of the pathogen organism instead of the whole organism. vaccine Many vaccines are developed to protect against infectious pathogens. Many vaccines are also being developed against some diseases such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. Vaccine is developed against a disease. Allergy. YH, BP, BS, MC, LC, XZ, RS A vaccine is a processed material with the function that when administered, it prevents or ameliorates a disorder in a target organism by inducing or modifying adaptive immune responses specific to the antigens in the vaccine. MeSH: D014612 vaccination YH, BP Vaccination is: an 'administering substance in vivo' that involves in adding vaccine into a host (e.g., human, mouse) in vivo with the intent to invoke a protective immune response. vaccine administration ACAM2000 Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live CVX: 75 YH Trade Name: ACAM2000 ActHIB Product Name: Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate) YH PMID: 1517908 CVX: 48 PMID: 1735812 Trade Name: ActHIB PMID: Preparation: The vaccine consists of the Haemophilus b capsular polysaccharide (polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate, PRP), a high molecular weight polymer prepared from the Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB) strain 1482 grown in a semi-synthetic medium, covalently bound to tetanus toxoid. The tetanus toxoid is prepared by extraction, ammonium sulfate purification, and formalin inactivation of the toxin from cultures of Clostridium tetani (Harvard strain) grown in a modified Mueller and Miller medium. The toxoid is filter sterilized prior to the conjugation process. When ActHIB vaccine is reconstituted with saline diluent, each single dose of 0.5 mL is formulated to contain 10 mu g of purified capsular polysaccharide conjugated to 24 mu g of inactivated tetanus toxoid, and 8.5% of sucrose (ActHIB 2005). Reference: http://www.violinet.org/vaxquery/vaccine_detail.php?c_vaccine_id=157&keywords= Adacel Product Name: Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, Adsorbed Trade Name: Adacel YH CVX: 115 CVX: 20 Afluria Product Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine YH Trade Name: Afluria CVX: 141 CVX: 140 Attenuvax Product Name: Measles Virus Vaccine, Live Trade Name: Attenuvax YH vaccine-induced lymphocyte activation YH vaccine-induced B cell antigen processing and presentation YH vaccine-induced B cell cytokine production YH B cell epitope in vaccine YH vaccine-induced B cell mediated immunity YH Bacillus anthracis vaccine anthrax vaccine A vaccine that protects against Bacillus anthrax that causes anthrax. MeSH: D022122 YH Biothrax Product Name: Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Trade Name: Biothrax YH CVX: 24 Boostrix Product Name: Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, Adsorbed CVX: 20 YH Trade Name: Boostrix CVX: 115 AE: fever YH, SS AE: pyrexia Fever is a frequent medical sign that describes an increase in internal body temperature to levels above normal. Fever is characterized as a temporary elevation in the body's thermoregulatory set-point, usually by about 1-2 degree C (1.8-3.6 degree F). febrile response AE: body temperature increased AE: rash AE:rash is a vaccine induced skin adverse event. A rash is a change of the skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture. A rash may be localized in one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful. This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH Brucella abortus DNA vaccine pcDNA-SOD PMID: 15039330 YH A Brucella abortus vaccine that expresses Cu/Zn SOD with DNA plasmid pcDNA. PMID: 15039330. AE: infection This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH Brucella abortus strain RB51 as vaccine vector YH Brucella abortus RB51 Brucella abortus vaccine RB51 is a Brucella abortus vaccine that is licensed in the USA since 1992. Brucella abortus vaccine RB51 is a live attenuated cattle vaccine against brucellosis that is currently used in the USA and many other coutries. PMID: 11504226 PMID: 12438380 B. abortus RB51 PMID: 12704101 Brucella RB51 PMID: 8890203 PMID: 12119140 Brucella RB-51 PMID: 7806364 PMID: 10534009 YH SRB51 PMID: 11768128 PMID: 17894637 WEB: http://rb51.com PMID: 11504238 PMID: 19362381 PMID: 8740701 PMID: 7622248 PMID: 1439207 PMID: 11500423 PMID: 16713034 PMID: 17653832 PMID: 11193615 PMID: 18836016 PMID: 11553603 PMID: 8039890 PMID: 1908158 PMID: 19439382 PMID: 7927779 Brucella abortus strain 19 Brucella strain-19 Brucella S19 YH PMID: 8039890 PMID: 11058778 A live attenuated Brucella abortus vaccine that is licensed and used in many countries. AE: syndrome YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). syndrome is the association of several clinically recognizable features, signs (observed by a physician), symptoms (reported by the patient), phenomena or characteristics that often occur together, so that the presence of one feature alerts the physician to the presence of the others. AE: agitation YH emotional state of excitement or restlessness This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Brucella vaccine YH MeSH: D002004 brucellosis vaccine A vaccine that protects against Brucella that causes brucellosis in animals and humans. injection-site AE This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). injection-site reaction YH AE: injection-site hypersensitivity This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH Comvax Product Name: Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate) & Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant) PMID: CVX: 51 Trade Name: Comvax YH DAPTACEL Product Name: Diphtheria & Tetanus Toxoids & Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed Trade Name: DAPTACEL CVX: 106 YH CVX: 20 DECAVAC Product Name: Tetanus & Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed for Adult Use CVX: 113 Trade Name: DECAVAC YH DNA of pathogen organism as vaccine component YH DNA from protective protein that is used as vaccine component. This is usually used for preparation of DNA vaccine. DNA vaccine synonym: naked DNA vaccine genetic vaccine nucleic acid vaccine DNA vaccine is a vaccine that is composed of a plasmid vaccine vector (a circular double stranded DNA molecule) containing genes encoding one or more proteins of a pathogen. YH naked DNA vaccine Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed by Sanofi Pasteur Inc Product Name: Diphtheria & Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed YH CVX: 28 Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed by Sanofi Pasteur Ltd Product Name: Diphtheria & Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed YH Dryvax Product Name: Smallpox Vaccine, Dried, Calf Lymph Type YH CVX: 75 Trade Name: Dryvax http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryvax Dryvax is a freeze-dried calf lymph smallpox vaccine. It is the world's oldest smallpox vaccine, created in the late 19th century by American Home Products, a predecessor of Wyeth. By the 1940s, Wyeth was the leading US manufacturer of the vaccine and the only manufacturer by the 1960s. After world health authorities declared smallpox had been eradicated from nature in 1980, Wyeth stopped making the vaccine. ETEC vaccine ACAM2010 YH PMID: 17566016 ACAM2007 is a vaccine candidate expressing CFA/II. Adenovirus vaccine A viral vaccine that protects against infection of an adenovirus. YH, SGS vaccine persistence assay YH An assay that measures the persistent survival of live vaccine in a host in vivo. AE: injection-site edema YH AE: injection-site oedema This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: injection-site pain YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Escherichia coli vaccine A bacterial vaccine that prevents against Escherichia coli infection. E. coli vaccine YH MeSH: D022361 AE: injection-site inflammation YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). FluLaval Product Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine, Trivalent, Types A and B Trade Name: FluLaval CVX: 141 YH FluMist Product Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine, Live, Intranasal Trade Name: FluMist CVX: 111 YH Fluarix Product Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine, Trivalent, Types A and B YH CVX: 140 Trade Name: Fluarix Fluvirin Product Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine, Trivalent, Types A and B Trade Name: Fluvirin YH CVX: 140 CVX: 141 Fluzone Product Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine, Trivalent, Types A and B CVX: 144 CVX: 140 CVX: 141 Trade Name: Fluzone YH virmugen a gene that once deleted, would make an attenuated microbe that can be used as a live attenuated vaccine against virulent pathogen. YH, YL, ZX Gardasil Product Name: Human Papillomavirus (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) Recombinant Vaccine Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine meaning it protects against 4 strains of virus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18). The vaccine was made using genetic engineering techniques. The genes that encode a specific protein from each of these strains are expressed in yeast in large-scale fermentation cultures. Protein purification methods are then used to isolate the proteins and make the vaccine. Cited from: http://biotech.about.com/b/2008/09/03/gardasil-safety-of-genetically-engineered-hpv-vaccine-still-in-question.htm Trade Name: Gardasil CVX: 62 YH HIV based lentivirus vaccine vector YH Balb/c mouse YH Havrix Product Name: Hepatitis A Vaccine, Inactivated YH Trade Name: Havrix CVX: 83 CVX: 52 Neisseria meningitidis vaccine MeSH: D022401 YH A bacterial vaccine that prevents Neisseria meningitidis infection. Meningococcal vaccine IPOL Product Name: Poliovirus Vaccine Inactivated (Monkey Kidney Cell) Trade Name: IPOL CVX: 10 YH PMID: vaccine related journal article YL The jourmal article that mentions a vaccine, which was retrieved from PubMed and annotated using VO-SciMinner.(Hur J, Xiang Z, Feldman EL, He Y. Ontology-based Brucella vaccine literature indexing and systematic analysis of gene-vaccine association network. BMC Immunology. 12(1):49 2011 Aug 26. PMID: 21871085.) United Vaccines, Inc Heska Corporation Texas Vet lab, Inc SolidTech Animal Health, Inc MVP Laboratories, Inc Addison Biological Laboratory, Inc Neotech, LLC neotechvaccines.com/ Imovax Rabies Product Name: Rabies Vaccine CVX: 18 Trade Name: Imovax YH Infanrix Product Name: Diphtheria & Tetanus Toxoids & Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed CVX: 20 YH Trade Name: Infanrix Influenza Virus Vaccine H5N1 by Sanofi Pasteur Inc Product Name: Influenza Virus Vaccine, H5N1 (for National Stockpile) WEB: http://atomicnewsreview.org/2009/10/22/approval-for-the-arepanrix%E2%84%A2-gsk-vaccine-in-canada/ YH JE-Vax Product Name: Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Inactivated CVX: 39 YH Trade Name: JE-Vax KINRIX Product Name: Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine CVX: 130 YH Trade Name: KINRIX Listeria monocytogenes as vaccine vector YH M-M-R II Product Name: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine, Live CVX: 03 Trade Name: M-M-R II YH M-M-Vax Product Name: Measles and Mumps Virus Vaccine, Live Trade Name: M-M-Vax YH Menactra Product Name: Meningococcal Polysaccharide (Serogroups A, C, Y and W-135) Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine WEB: http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm176044.htm CVX: 114 Trade Name: Menactra Meningococcal Polysaccharide (Serogroups A, C, Y and W-135) Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine YH Menomune A C Y W135 Product Name: Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine, Groups A, C, Y and W-135 Combined CVX: 32 YH Trade Name: Menomune-A/C/Y/W-135 Meruvax II Product Name: Rubella Virus Vaccine Live YH Trade Name: Meruvax II CVX: 06 Mumpsvax Product Name: Mumps Virus Vaccine Live CVX: 07 Trade Name: Mumpsvax YH AE: injection-site hemorrhage This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH AE: injection-site mass This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Not sure where to put "mass", which requires more discussion. AE: injection-site mass is a mass at physical injection site YH, SS Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine YH MeSH: D032581 tuberculosis vaccine A vaccine that protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobax Mycobax is a BCG vaccine that is made by Sanofi Pasteur, Ltd. Ref: http://www.biopharma.com/cgi/full6.lasso?Key=412.65916 Product Name: BCG Vaccine CVX: 19 Trade Name: Mycobax YH O antigen of pathogen organism as vaccine compent YH AE: pruritus itch AE: pruritus generalised Itch (Latin: pruritus) is an unpleasant sensation that evokes the desire or reflex to scratch. itching This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH, SS WEB: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=mesh&cmd=DetailsSearch&term=pruritus+generalised&log$=activity Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine by Novartis Pediarix Product Name: Diphtheria & Tetanus Toxoids & Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed, Hepatitis B (recombinant) and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Combined YH Trade Name: Pediarix CVX: 110 PedvaxHIB Product Name: Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate) CVX: 49 YH PMID: Trade Name: PedvaxHIB PMID: 2791073 Pentacel Product Name: Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed, Inactivated Poliovirus and Haemophilus b Conjugate (Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate) Vaccine CVX: 120 YH Trade Name: Pentacel Plague Vaccine by Greer Laboratories Inc Product Name: Plague Vaccine CVX: 23 YH AE: pain This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH Plasmodium falciparum vaccine a malaria vaccine that protects against malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. YH Pneumovax 23 Product Name: Pneumococcal Vaccine, Polyvalent CVX: 33 Trade Name: Pneumovax 23 YH Poliovax Product Name: Poliovirus Vaccine Inactivated (Human Diploid Cell) Trade Name: Poliovax YH Prevnar Product Name: Pneumococcal 7-valent Conjugate Vaccine (Diphtheria CRM197 Protein) Trade Name: Prevnar CVX: 100 YH ProQuad Product Name: Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella Virus Vaccine Live Trade Name: ProQuad YH CVX: 94 RNA of pathogen organism as vaccine component YH RNA from protective protein that is used as vaccine component. This is usually used for preparation of RNA vaccine. mineral salt vaccine adjuvant CVX: 119 SGS, YH a vaccine adjuvant that is formed as a mineral salt. RabAvert Product Name: Rabies Vaccine CVX: 18 YH Trade Name: RabAvert Rabies Vaccine Adsorbed by BioPort Corp Product Name: Rabies Vaccine Adsorbed YH Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine, Live, Oral CVX: 143 YH, SGS RotaTeq Product Name: Rotavirus Vaccine, Live, Oral, Pentavalent Trade Name: RotaTeq YH CVX: 116 SIV based lentivirus vaccine vector YH AE: myalgia This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH Myalgia means "muscle pain" and is a symptom of many diseases and disorders. muscle pain vaccine-induced T-helper 1 type immune response YH vaccine-induced T-helper 2 type immune response YH TENIVAC Product Name: Tetanus & Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed for Adult Use YH Trade Name: TENIVAC TICE BCG Intravesical TICE BCG has been used as a therapy for, and to prevent recurrence of, tumors in patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the urinary bladder, and to prevent recurrence of Stage Ta T1 papillary tumors of the bladder at high risk of recurrence. Refernce URL: http://www.ticebcg.com/Consumer/aboutTice/index.asp Product Name: BCG Vaccine CVX: 19 Trade Name: TICE BCG YH TYPHIM Vi Product Name: Typhoid Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine CVX: 101 Trade Name: TYPHIM Vi YH T cell epitope in vaccine YH vaccine-induced T cell mediated immunity YH T cell vaccine antigen processing and presentation YH Brucella abortus vaccine YH Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed by Sanofi Pasteur Inc Product Name: Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed YH CVX: 35 E. coli O157:H7 intimin vaccine PMID: 11500434 YH E. coli Int280a has been found to be a protective antigen. This subunit vaccine uses E. coli Int280a combined with adjuvant. This antigen can be used for development of type-specific EPEC or EHEC vaccine. Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed for Adult Use by Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Lab Product Name: Tetanus & Diphtheria Toxoids Adsorbed for Adult Use YH Tripedia Product Name: Diphtheria & Tetanus Toxoids & Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed CVX: 20 YH Trade Name: Tripedia Twinrix Product Name: Hepatitis A Inactivated and Hepatitis B (Recombinant) Vaccine YH Trade Name: Twinrix CVX: 104 AE: urticaria This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Urticaria is a kind of skin rash notable for dark red, raised, itchy bumps. YH hives vaccine-induced T cell activation AE: headache This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH respiratory system AE YH I created this term and make it to be an umbrella term for different disorder terms related to respiratory system. --Oliver He microbial derivative vaccine adjuvant CVX: 52 a vaccine adjuvant that contains microbial derived material. YH, SGS CVX: 83 Varivax Product Name: Varicella Virus Vaccine Live CVX: 21 YH Trade Name: Varivax Vivotif Product Name: Typhoid Vaccine Live Oral Ty21a Trade Name: Vivotif CVX: 25 YH YF-Vax Product Name: Yellow Fever Vaccine YH CVX: 37 Trade Name: YF-Vax Yellow fever 17D as vaccine vector YH Yellow fever virus vaccine A viral vaccine that protects against infection with Yellow fever virus. YH MeSH: D022341 Zostavax Product Name: Zoster Vaccine, Live, (Oka/Merck) YH CVX: 121 Trade Name: Zostavax licensed turkey vaccine YH live attenuated pathogen as vaccine component YH aluminum hydroxide vaccine adjuvant an aluminum vaccine adjuvant that contains aluminum hydroxide. alum YH aluminum phosphate vaccine adjuvant Al(PO)4 Adju-Phos® an aluminum vaccine adjuvant that is aluminum phosphate. YH, SGS vaccination frequency YH Vaccination frequency is a qualitative term that represents how many times vaccination has occurred. AE: increased leukocyte cell number SS, YH MP: MP_0000218 According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'leukocytosis' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,021 VAERS reports (0.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). AE: white blood cell count increased greater than normal number of nucleated cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages, found in blood or other tissue calcium phosphate vaccine adjuvant YH, SGS a mineral salt vaccine adjuvant composed of calcium phosphate. CaHPO4 AE: decreased leukocyte cell number According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'leukopenia' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 417 VAERS reports (0.3%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). MP: MP_0000221 reduction in the number of nucleated cells of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages, found in blood or other tissue Freund's emulsified oil adjuvant YH, SGS an emulsion vaccine adjuvant that consists of a water-in-oil emulsion of aqueous antigen in paraffin (mineral) oil of low specific gravity and low viscosity. It is named after Jules T. Freund (1890-1960), Hungarian-born American immunologist. It is a water in oil emulsion. vaccine-induced T cell proliferation vaccine-induced adaptive immune response YH adenovirus vaccine vector YH adjuvant role YH live virulent pathogen as vaccine component YH complete Freund's adjuvant is a Freund's emulsfied oil adjuvant that contains inactivated and dried mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the pathogenic agent of tuberculosis). YH agglutinating antibody role YH virulence factor YH incomplete Freund's adjuvant a Freud's adjuvant that does not contain the mycobacterial components. YH cholera toxin CT A microbial derivative vaccine adjuvant consisting of cholera toxin (CT) from Vibrio cholerae. YH, SGS alphavirus vaccine vector YH vaccine vector role YH Corynebacterium-derived P40 vaccine adjuvant A microbial derivative vaccine adjuvant that is the P40 particulate fraction isolated from Corynebacterium. YH, SGS PMID: 8447157 vaccine adjuvant role YH antibody role YH Aceto Pharma Corp antibody titer Antibody titer is a titer of antibody that shows how much antibody an organism has produced that recognizes a particular epitope, expressed as the greatest dilution ratio (or its reciprocal) that still gives a positive result. ELISA is a common means of determining antibody titers. YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody_titer immunized an organismal quality that indicates an organism (e.g., human) is immunized against a disease. To assign the state of ‘immunized’, we will need to do some assay to measure indicators of immunity, e.g., antibody titers in serum samples. YH, YL Francisella tularensis vaccine YH preparation of toxoid vaccine YH A vaccine preparation that results in the generation of a toxoid vaccine Brucella abortus sodC YH bacterial gene YH viral gene YH HIV gene YH AE: abnormal blood pressure MP: MP_0000230 altered tension of the blood within the systemic arteries preparation of live attenuated vaccine by serial passages in vitro Brucella abortus cattle vaccine RB51 was developed by serial passages of virulent B. abortus strain 2308 in vitro in rifampin agar plates (Reference: PMID: 1908158). A live attenuated vaccine prepraration process that is performed by serial passages in vitro for pathogen attenuation. YH Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine by Sanofi Pasteur Escherichia coli gene E. coli gene YH avirulent YH Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene YH bacterial vaccine YH A vaccine that protects against some bacterial disease. MeSH: D001428 bacterial vaccine vector YH AE: asthenia YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Asthenia is a medical term denoting symptoms of physical weakness and loss of strength. Asthenia is a side effect of vaccines such as the HPV vaccine Gardasil. Salmonella gene YH Shigella gene YH protozoan gene YH Plasmodium gene YH Plasmodium falciparum gene YH attenuated YH Leishmania gene YH AE: muscle ache muscle pain YH vaccine-induced T cell differentiation cancer vaccine neoplasm vaccine tumor vaccine A vaccine that prevents or treats cancer. It is produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced. MeSH: D019496 YH inactivated vaccine preparation A vaccine preparation that results in the generation of a inactivated vaccine YH part of vaccine YH cardinal part of vaccine vaccine component A 'part of vaccine' is a material entity that is a part or component of a vaccine. vaccine-induced cell activation YH lipopolysaccharide vaccine adjuvant LPS vaccine adjuvant A microbial derivative vaccine adjuvant made from bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria. YH, SGS vaccine-induced antibacterial agglutination antibody response YH Japanese encephalitis virus gene YH Ebola virus gene YH Influenza virus gene YH RNA vaccine Using RNA may eliminate the problem of having to tailor a vaccine for each individual patient with their specific immunity. The advantage of RNA is that it can be used for all immunity types and can be taken from a single cell. DNA vaccines need to produce RNA which then prompts the manufacture of proteins. However, RNA vaccine eliminates the step from DNA to RNA. A vaccine that uses RNA(s) derived from a pathogen organism. YH muramyl dipeptide a synthetic vaccine adjuvant formulated to correspond to a component found in a water-soluble extract of cell walls of mycobacteria used in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). YH, SGS PMID: 344799 MDP Dengue virus gene YH colony forming unit CFU YH WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit Colony-forming unit (CFU) is a titer measurement of viable bacterial or fungal numbers. Unlike in direct microscopic counts where all cells, dead and living, are counted, CFU measures viable cells. By convenience the results are given as CFU/mL (colony-forming units per milliliter) for water, and CFU/g (colony-forming units per gram) for soil or other porous material. squalene YH, SGS an emulsion vaccine adjuvant that contains an organic polymer with some antigenic epitopes which might be shared with other organic polymers acting as immunostimulators. arlacel A a synthetic vaccine adjuvant that is an emulsifier called Arlacel A. PMID: 2042393 YH, SGS Montanide 103 YH a montanide vaccine adjuvant that is Montanide 103. Bordetella pertussis component vaccine adjuvant a microbial derivitive vaccine adjuvant that contains components from killed Bordetella pertussis. The killed B. pertussis has a strong adjuvant effect on the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in the DPT vaccines. YH PCV2 vaccine YH conjugate vaccine Conjugate vaccine is vaccine that conjugates/links antigens to the molecules that form the outer coat of disease-causing bacteria to promote an immune response. Conjugate vaccines are designed primarily for very young children because their immune systems can not recognize the outer coats of certain bacteria. YH preparation of recombinant vector vaccine YH A vaccine preparation that results in the generation of a recombinant vector vaccine West Nile virus gene YH chickenpox virus gene YH Rubella virus gene YH Hepatitis B virus gene YH Porcilis-PCV2 YH Characteristics: Inactivated baculovirus expressed PCV2 ORF2 protein; adjuvanted Hepatitis A virus gene YH Suvaxyn PCV2 Characteristics: Inactivated PCD1-2 chimera; adjuvanted YH Intervet YH http://www.intervet.com/ Fort Dodge YH http://www.wyeth.com/divisions/fort_dodge.asp licensed pig vaccine YH contraindication YH a contraindication is a condition or factor that increases the risks involved in using a particular drug, carrying out a medical procedure, or engaging in a particular activity. vaccine in research role YH vaccine in research role is a 'regulation-assigned roleof a vaccine that is not licensed or in clinical trial; instead, it is currently in laboratory research. AE: maculopapular rash A maculopapular rash is a rash with flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps. YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). hemagglutination-inhibition assay an immune response detection assay that detects specific antiviral antibodies in a test serum. The serum, usually a twofold dilution series, is mixed with a standard number, usually 4 to 8 HA units, of virus and incubated prior to the addition of a standard suspension of erythrocytes. The highest dilution of serum that inhibits hemagglutination is the HI titer of the serum. For example, influenza (AI) viruses agglutinate erythrocytes through the interaction of the virus surface glycoprotein, the hemagglutinin (HA), with receptors on the surface of the erythrocyte. Inhibition of the agglutination reaction by HA subtype-specific antisera is the basis of the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay. YH HI assay inactivated YH behavioural inactive (PATO:0001706) AE: arthralgia This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Arthralgia means joint pain. It is a symptom of injury, infection, illnesses (in particular arthritis) or an allergic reaction to medication. According to MeSH, the term "arthralgia" should only be used when the condition is non-inflammatory, and the term "arthritis" should be used when the condition is inflammatory. YH hypersensitivity to chicken product YH AE: vesiculobullous rash This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). vesiculobullous rash is a blistering rash characterized by serous-fluid-filled vesicles (blisters) YH AE: screaming syndrome YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: dizziness YH, SS This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Dizziness describes a number of subjective symptoms, which the patient may describe as feelings of lightheadedness, floating, wooziness, giddiness, confusion, disorientation or loss of balance. Medical terms include vertigo, disequilibrium, pre-syncope or syncoptic episode. Causes may stem from a variety of failures of equilibrioception, hypotension, cerebral hypoxia or a reaction to environmental chemicals or drugs. AE: peripheral edema AE: oedema peripheral AE: peripheral edema is an edema thatresults in swelling of tissues, usually in the lower limbs, due to the accumulation of fluids This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_edema YH, SS AE: edema peripheral hypersensitivity to chicken egg YH vaccine solvent solution A vaccine solvent solution is a vaccine additive that helps to dissolve all vaccine components in liquid. YH malaise This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH Malaise is a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an "out of sorts" feeling. Malaise is often the first indication of an infection or other disease. Vaccination may induce malaise. AE: somnolence This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). drowsiness YH, SS Somnolence (or "drowsiness") is a state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (c.f. hypersomnia). AE: paresthesia Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect. It is more generally known as the feeling of "pins and needles" or of a limb being "asleep" (although this is not directly related to the phenomenon of sleep). The manifestation of paresthesia may be transient or chronic. YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: paraesthesia AE: crying abnormal This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH hypersensitivity to antibiotic YH hypersensitivity to neomycin YH hypersensitivity to polymyxin YH reaction to previous vaccination YH parasite vaccine YH, ZX bacterial vaccine preparation A vaccine preparation that results in the generation of a bacterial vaccine YH, ZX chills YH Chills refers to feeling cold after an exposure to a cold environment. The word can also refer to an episode of shivering, accompanied by paleness and feeling cold. This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: stupor This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Stupor is the lack of critical cognitive function and level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain. The word derives from the Latin stupure, meaning insensible. Being characterised by impairments of reactions to external stimuli, in this case, vaccine immunization. YH AE: anorexia AE: decreased appetite This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Anorexia is the decreased sensation of appetite. anorexia nervosa YH life-threatening reaction to previous vaccination YH AE: face edema AE: face oedema WEB:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003105.htm This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: face edema is an edema that results in facial swelling, the build-up of fluid in the tissues of the face. Swelling may also affect the neck and upper arms YH, SS life-threatening reaction to previous influenza vaccination YH AE: cough increased WEB: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cough.html This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: cough increased is an abnormal respiration that results in a reflex that keeps your throat and airways clear cough YH, SS hypersensitivity to gentamicin YH dominant epitope in vaccine YH vaccine-induced down-regulated gene expression YH hypersensitity to gelatin YH preparation of vaccine using heat inactivation YH A vaccine prepraration process that is performed by heat inactivation of virulent pathogen. CFU reduction assay CFU reduction assay is an assay that measures the reduction of the colony forming units of infected pathogens in vaccine-vaccinated animals compared to nonvaccinated animals. YH assay of CFU reduction in spleen YH assay of CFU reduction in spleen is a CFU reduction assay that is measured using the extracted spleen as the tissue for isolation of infected pathogens. hypersensitity to arginine Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid, meaning most of the time it can be manufactured by the human body, and does not need to be obtained directly through the diet. The biosynthetic pathway however does not produce sufficient arginine, and some must still be consumed through diet. Individuals who have poor nutrition or certain physical conditions may be advised to increase their intake of foods containing arginine. Infants are unable to meet their requirements and thus arginine is nutritionally essential for infants. YH edibility YH, MC Melanie has submitted this term and its two subclasses to obo: http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2873643&group_id=76834&atid=595654 A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being fit to be eaten. edible This term may be submitted to PATO. A quality of edibility that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being suitable for oral ingestion as food, drug, or vaccine. YH vaccine efficacy Vaccine efficacy is an efficacy of a vaccine in induction of protective immune response in vivo or protection against infection of a virulent pathogen. Specifically, vaccine efficacy (VE) is the percentage reduction in disease incidence attributable to vaccination, calculated by means of the following equation: VE(%) = (U - V)/U x 100 where U = the incidence in unvaccinated people and V = the incidence in vaccinated people. Ref: Hadler TC, et al. Immunization in developing countries. In: Vaccines. Editors: Plotkin S, et al. 2008. p1542-71. YH history of asthma YH vaccine-induced antiviral neutralizing antibody response YH AE: flu syndrome This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH peptide of pathogen organism as vaccine component YH peptide of pathogen that is used as vaccine component. This peptide may function as epitope to stimulate protective immunity. AE: syncope This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Syncope is the medical term for fainting, a sudden, usually temporary, loss of consciousness. YH, SS AE: syncope is a sensory capability AE that results in loss of consciousness, fainting fainting WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_%28medicine%29 AE: sweating According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sweating' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 2,301 VAERS reports (1.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH vaccination with a licensed cattle vaccine YH usage of bronchodilator YH AE: abdominal pain According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'abdominal pain' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 2,254 VAERS reports (1.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH, SS AE: abdominal pain is a pain in abdominal cavity, stomach ache WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_pain This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: hypertension According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'hypertension' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,038 VAERS reports (0.8%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). blood pressure increased YH, SS MP: MP_0000231 hypertension sustained high blood pressure at a level that is likely to result in cardiovascular disease and/or other pathological states AE: lab test abnormal YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'sweating' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 2,056 VAERS reports (1.6%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). Intially, 'adverse event' and (is_specified_output_of some 'laboratory test') However, it cannot be inferred right. The reason appears that the is_specified_output_of cannot be another process (here, the AE is defined as a process.) We will think it over. This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: myasthenia myasthenia gravis This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). Myasthenia represenats myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability. YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'myasthenia' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,812 VAERS reports (1.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). vaccine-induced follicular dendritic cell activation YH usage of steroid YH AE: chest pain This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'chest pain' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,752 VAERS reports (1.4%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). sodB(Ft) PMID: 16923916 sodBFt is a live vaccine strain mutant of Francisella tularensis with reduced Fe-superoxide dismutase gene expression. Ref: PMID: 18692537. YH PMID: 18692537 ProtaTek International, Inc www.protatek.com/ Arko Laboratories Ltd www.arkolabs.com/ fungal disease YH fungal vaccine MeSH: D005657 A vaccine that protects against infection with some fungus. YH Newport Laboratories, Inc www.newportlabs.com Texas Agricultural Experiment Station F. tularensis vaccine LVS PMID: 16912944 YH A live attenuated Francisella tularensis vaccine. It is available in American Type Culture Collection with ATCC ID: 29684. PMID: 8757866 AE: exacerbation of underlying condition According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'exacerbation of underlying condition' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,606 VAERS reports (1.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH AE: insomnia Insomnia is a symptom of a sleeping disorder characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a stand-alone diagnosis or a disease. YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'insomnia' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,526 VAERS reports (1.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: twitching Involuntary sudden movement of part of the body. According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'twitching' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,511 VAERS reports (1.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: febrile seizure This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'febrile seizure' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,490 VAERS reports (1.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH AE: asthma According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'asthma' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,373 VAERS reports (1.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). Asthma is a common chronic lung disease. It has been defined by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute as a common chronic disorder of the airways that is complex and characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (bronchospasm), and an underlying inflammation. This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH vaccine function YH, MC, XZ, and AR PERSPN: Oliver He: There has been hot discussion about whether we use 'vaccine function' or 'vaccine role'. Vaccine role may not be the good term to use. Vaccine is designed to be 'vaccine', so it should be vaccine function. One special case is cowpox virus. The cowpox virus can be mixed with some liquid like water and used as a smallpox vaccine. In this case, people often say: the cowpox virus has a 'vaccine role'. However, the cowpox virus vaccine is a processed material of a mix of the virus with water. The virus is a virus, it is not a vaccine per se. Therefore, vaccine role may not be an accurate term. vaccine function is a function that inheres in a vaccine that induces protective immune response against a disease. It is realized in the immunization process in the host. AE: neck pain This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'neck pain' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,323 VAERS reports (1.0%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). AE: positive rechallenge In contrast, positive dechallenge occurs when the adverse reaction disappears once the drug is stopped. Positive rechallenge occurs when the adverse reaction re-emerges once a drug (e.g., vaccine) is restrarted. This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'positive rechallenge' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,292 VAERS reports (1.0%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH heat killed pathogen in vaccine YH AE: back pain YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'back pain' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,277 VAERS reports (1.0%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). herpesvirus vaccine vector YH AE: alopecia MP: MP_0000414 VAE According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'alopecia'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 260 VAERS reports (0.2%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). absence of hair or loss of hair; not usually in reference to primary genetic hairlessness but may be due to dietary, stress, secondary to immune condition alopecia AE: gastrointestinal hemorrhage According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'gastrointestinal hemorrhage'; is an adverse event that was mentioned in 183 VAERS reports (0.1%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). MP: MP_0000465 bleeding in the stomach and/or the intestines vaccine-induced host gene response YH vaccine-induced host immune response YH vaccine-induced host response a processual entity that specifies host response to a vaccine. YH host response to vaccine adjuvant a process that specifies host response to a vaccine adjuvant. YH host response to vaccine component a processual entity that specifies host response to a vaccine component. YH host response to vaccine antigen a process that specifies host response to a vaccine antigen. YH host response to vaccine vaccine vector a process that specifies host response to a vaccine vector. YH AE: eyes gaze upward According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'eyes gaze upward' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,249 VAERS reports (1.0%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH AE: neuropathy This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). peripheral neuropathy Neuropathy is a medical term describing disorders of the nerves of the peripheral nervous system (specifically excluding encephalopathy and myelopathy, which refer to the central nervous system.) It is usually considered equivalent to peripheral neuropathy. YH According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'neuropathy' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,154 VAERS reports (0.9%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). human immunodeficiency virus vaccine AIDS vaccine YH MeSH: D016915 HIV vaccine A viral vaccine that protects against infection with human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Brinton Laboratories Inc AE: skin nodule According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'skin nodule' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,134 VAERS reports (0.9%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). AE: arthrosis According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'arthrosis' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 1,129 VAERS reports (0.9%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH A degenerative disease of a joint. Arthrosis is an articular illness that produces fibrosis or degeneration of the cartilage. company YH Brucella melitensis strain VTRM1 YH AE: hypokinesia YH Hypokinesia refers to slow or diminished movement of body musculature. AE: muscle twitching muscle contraction muscle fasciculation YH Brucella suis strain VTRS1 YH PMID: 17428946 B. suis VTRS1 AE: skin discoloration AE: skin discoloration is a skin adverse event that results in change in color of skin or mucus membranes According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'skin discoloration' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 909 VAERS reports (0.7%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). AE: skin discolouration YH, SS AE: herpes zoster This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). zoster Herpes zoster is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe. The initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes the acute (short-lived) illness chickenpox, and generally occurs in children and young people. Once an episode of chickenpox has resolved, the virus is not eliminated from the body but can go on to cause shingles (an illness with very different symptoms) often many years after the initial infection. shingles According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'herpes zoster' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 892 VAERS reports (0.7%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). YH AE: laryngismus This term is a COSTART term but not a MP term (3/17/2009). YH sudden laryngeal spasm with crowing inhalation and cyanosis. It is an uncontrolled/involuntary muscular contraction (spasm) of the laryngeal cords. laryngospasm According to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 'laryngismus' is an adverse event that was mentioned in 881 VAERS reports (0.7%) during1991-2001 (Reference: PMID: 12825543). KKF24 YH PMID: 16552035 KKF24 is a recombinant strain of Francisella novicida U112 with iglC mutation (F. novicida delta-iglC::ermC). PMID: 14680699. F. tularensis vaccine LVS LPS YH F. tularensis vaccine LVS lipopolysaccharide PMID: 10722593 vaccine-induced antibody mediated immune response immunoglobulin mediated immune response to vaccine