VIOLIN: Vaccine Investigation and Online Information Network

Canine adenovirus type 1

Table of Contents

General Information
Vaccine Information
References

I. General Information

1. NCBI Taxonomy ID:

10512

2. Disease:

Fox Encephalitis, Infectious Canine Hepatitis

3. Introduction

Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is a worldwide, contagious disease of dogs with signs that vary from a slight fever and congestion of the mucous membranes to severe depression, marked leukopenia, and prolonged bleeding time. It also is seen in foxes, wolves, coyotes, and bears; other carnivores may become infected without developing clinical illness. In recent years, the disease has become uncommon in areas where routine immunization is used. ICH is caused by a nonenveloped DNA virus, canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1), which is antigenically related only to CAV-2 (one of the causes of infectious canine tracheobronchitis). CAV-1 is resistant to lipid solvents and survives outside the host for weeks or months, but a 1-3% solution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) is an effective disinfectant. Ingestion of urine, feces, or saliva of infected dogs is the main route of infection. Recovered dogs shed virus in their urine for ≥6 mo. Initial infection occurs in the tonsillar crypts and Peyer’s patches, followed by viremia and infection of endothelial cells in many tissues. Liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs are the main target organs. Chronic kidney lesions and corneal clouding (“blue eye”) result from immune-complex reactions after recovery from acute or subclinical disease (Merck Vet Manual: Infectious Canine Hepatitis).

4. Host Ranges and Animal Models

Dogs, foxes, wolves coyotes and bears (Merck Vet Manual: Infectious Canine Hepatitis).

II. Vaccine Information

1. CAdV-1 F1301 Strain Vaccine

a. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

b. Status:

Research

c. Host Species for Licensed Use:

None

d. Antigen

CAdV-1 F1301 strain (Fu et al., 2022)

e. Preparation

A CAdV-1 F1301 strain, isolated from a naturally infected sliver fox, was cultured in MDCK cells and used as a vaccine candidate strain. Confluent MDCK monolayers were washed with PBS and inoculated with CAdV-1 F1301 suspended in DMEM (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). After 36 h at 37°C under 5% CO2, the culture medium was changed to remove non-infectious viruses. The infected cells were maintained at 37°C and 5% (v/v) CO2. When the CPE occurred in more than 90% of cells, the flask was subjected to 3 freeze/thaw cycles between−20 to 4°C. The cells were then collected and centrifuged at 4°C, 10, 000 × g for 15 min to collect the clarified virus-containing fluid. The vaccine was inactivated with 0.2% (v/v) formaldehyde at 37°C for 24 h. Adjuvant was added to a suspension of inactivated virus mixed in a volume ratio of 5:2. The pH value was adjusted to 7.2–7.4, and stored at 4°C. (Fu et al., 2022)

f. Immunization Route

Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

g. Description

CAdV-1 F1301 strain inactivated vaccine can effectively protect against challenge with virulent CAdV-1 in silver foxes. (Fu et al., 2022)

2. Canine Distemper-Hepatitis-Parainfluenza Modified Live Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1381.21)

a. Manufacturer:

Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0002097

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Gray wolf

3. Canine Distemper-Hepatitis-Parainfluenza-Parvovirus Modified Live Virus Vaccine-Leptospira Canicola-Icterohaemorrhagiae Bacterin (USDA: 47P9.22)

a. Manufacturer:

Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0002247

c. Type:

Live, attenuated vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Gray wolf

4. Fox Encephalitis Killed Virus Vaccine (USDA: 1635.20)

a. Manufacturer:

United Vaccines, Inc.

b. Vaccine Ontology ID:

VO_0001535

c. Type:

Inactivated or "killed" vaccine

d. Status:

Licensed

e. Location Licensed:

USA

f. Host Species for Licensed Use:

Carnivores

III. References

1. Merck Vet Manual: Infectious Canine Hepatitis: Merck Veterinary Manual- Infectious Canine Hepatitis: Introduction [http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/57200.htm]