Babesia bovis is a single-celled protozoan parasite of cattle which occasionally infects humans. It is a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, which also includes the malaria parasite. The disease it and other members of the genus Babesia causes is a hemolytic anemia known as Babesiosis and colloquially called Texas Cattle Fever, Redwater or Piroplasmosis. It is transmitted by bites from infected larval ticks of the order Ixodida. It was eradicated from the United States by 1943, but is still present in Mexico and much of the world's tropics. The chief vector of Babesia species is the southern cattle fever tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus).
Babesia bovis are transmitted from mother ticks to their eggs, and can remain resident in tick populations for up to four years without infecting a vertebrate host. More commonly, a larval tick feeds upon a domestic cow, an African buffalo or a water buffalo, releasing the parasites into the animal's bloodstream. The involvement of the larval stage of the ticks in the cycle is specific to B. bovis; other Babesia species only involve adult ticks. The parasites then invade individual red blood cells, multiplying and destroying the host cells until the animal is stricken with hemolytic anemia. Adult ticks which feed upon infected cattle are infected themselves, completing the cycle. In humans, infection is rare and usually only affects splenectomized patients (Wiki: Babesia bovis).
Molecule Role Annotation :
Crude extracts of Babesia bovis parasites were systematically fractionated and tested in numerous sequential vaccination/challenge experiments in adult cattle. Two of these, GST-12D3 and GST-11C5, when used in combination were almost as protective as has been previously shown for the commercially available live attenuated vaccine (Wright et al., 1992).
Molecule Role Annotation :
Crude extracts of Babesia bovis parasites were systematically fractionated and tested in numerous sequential vaccination/challenge experiments in adult cattle. Two of these, GST-12D3 and GST-11C5, when used in combination were almost as protective as has been previously shown for the commercially available live attenuated vaccine (Wright et al., 1992).
Molecule Role Annotation :
Crude extracts of Babesia bovis parasites were systematically fractionated and tested in numerous sequential vaccination/challenge experiments in adult cattle. A short fragment of the third antigen (21B4) has been shown to be protective (Wright et al., 1992).
Molecule Role Annotation :
RAP-1 (21B4) is a candidate for inclusion in a B. bovis vaccine based on its ability to induce partial protection in vaccinates, defined as a significant reduction in parasitemia upon challenge (Wright et al., 1992).
Protein Name :
thrombospondin-related anonymous protein
Protein pI :
4.26
Protein Weight :
68214.12
Protein Length :
746
Protein Note :
Von Willebrand factor type A (vWA) domain was originally found in the blood coagulation protein von Willebrand factor (vWF). Typically, the vWA domain is made up of approximately 200 amino acid residues folded into a classic a/b para-rossmann type of...; cl00057
Efficacy:
Immunised animals had parasitaemias one order of magnitude lower than controls when challenged with a heterologous strain of B. bovis. In a series of experiments, 100% of controls were treated, whereas only 16% of the GST-12D3 vaccinated animals required treatment (Wright et al., 1992).
2. B. bovis vaccine by Local veterinary institutes
Infected blood from splenectomized calves(de and Combrink, 2006). Host species also include Babesia bigemina.
IV. References
1. Antonio et al., 2010: Antonio Alvarez J, Lopez U, Rojas C, Borgonio VM, Sanchez V, Castañeda R, Vargas P, Figueroa JV. Immunization of Bos taurus steers with Babesia bovis recombinant antigens MSA-1, MSA-2c and 12D3. Transboundary and emerging diseases. 2010; 57(1-2); 87-90. [PubMed: 20537116].
2. Brown et al., 1993: Brown WC, Palmer GH, McElwain TF, Hines SA, Dobbelaere DA. Babesia bovis: characterization of the T helper cell response against the 42-kDa merozoite surface antigen (MSA-1) in cattle. Experimental parasitology. 1993; 77(1); 97-9110. [PubMed: 8344411].
3. Brown et al., 1996: Brown WC, McElwain TF, Ruef BJ, Suarez CE, Shkap V, Chitko-McKown CG, Tuo W, Rice-Ficht AC, Palmer GH. Babesia bovis rhoptry-associated protein 1 is immunodominant for T helper cells of immune cattle and contains T-cell epitopes conserved among geographically distant B. bovis strains. Infection and immunity. 1996; 64(8); 3341-3350. [PubMed: 8757873].
4. de and Combrink, 2006: de Waal DT, Combrink MP. Live vaccines against bovine babesiosis. Veterinary parasitology. 2006; 138(1-2); 88-96. [PubMed: 16504404].
5. Ishizaki et al., 2017: Ishizaki T, Sivakumar T, Hayashida K, Takemae H, Tuvshintulga B, Munkhjargal T, Guswanto A, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N. Babesia bovis BOV57, a Theileria parva P67 homolog, is an invasion-related, neutralization-sensitive antigen. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases. 2017; 54; 138-145. [PubMed: 28668608].
6. Norimine et al., 2004: Norimine J, Mosqueda J, Palmer GH, Lewin HA, Brown WC. Conservation of Babesia bovis small heat shock protein (Hsp20) among strains and definition of T helper cell epitopes recognized by cattle with diverse major histocompatibility complex class II haplotypes. Infection and immunity. 2004; 72(2); 1096-1106. [PubMed: 14742557].
7. Terkawi et al., 2013: Terkawi MA, Ratthanophart J, Salama A, AbouLaila M, Asada M, Ueno A, Alhasan H, Guswanto A, Masatani T, Yokoyama N, Nishikawa Y, Xuan X, Igarashi I. Molecular characterization of a new Babesia bovis thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (BbTRAP2). PloS one. 2013; 8(12); e83305. [PubMed: 24349483].
9. Wright et al., 1992: Wright IG, Casu R, Commins MA, Dalrymple BP, Gale KR, Goodger BV, Riddles PW, Waltisbuhl DJ, Abetz I, Berrie DA. The development of a recombinant Babesia vaccine. Veterinary parasitology. 1992; 44(1-2); 3-13. [PubMed: 1441189].
