• Vaccine Ontology ID: VO_0004538
• Type: DNA vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: Calves
• Antigen: E2 from BVDV Q140 (van et al., 2013)
• E2 gene engineering:
  • Type: DNA vaccine construction
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Vector: pMASIA (van et al., 2013)
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

• Type: Modified Live Virus Vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Antigen: Bovine rhinotracheitis, BVDV (types 1 and 2), bovine parainfluenza-3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
• Immunization Route: not specified
• Description: Adjuvanted modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) vaccine protects against BVDV2. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)

Cattle Response

• Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0000286
• Efficacy: Two doses of this vaccine spaced 6 or 12 weeks apart were sufficient to induce significant virus-neutralizing antibody titers, numbers of activated T cells, and reduction in viral shedding and clinical presentations after BVDV-2 challenge. In contrast to the placebo-treated animals, the vaccinated calves did not lose any weight, which is an excellent indicator of the well-being of an animal and has a significant economic impact (van et al., 2013).

Cattle Response

• Vaccination Protocol: Twenty-one calves were vaccinated at approximately 5 weeks of age (day 0). Fourteen calves were vaccinated. The other 7 calves were sham vaccinated with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solutiong and served as controls. All calves were observed daily after vaccination for vaccine-related adverse events. Calves in group 1 were designated as control calves, calves in group 2 were designated as colostral antibody–negative and vaccinated, and calves in group 3 were designated a colostral antibody–positive and vaccinated. Calves in group 1 (n = 7) and group 2 (9) were fed 2 L of pooled colostrum that did not contain antibodies against BVDV within 6 hours of birth and were given a second 2-L feeding of colostrum 8 to 12 hours later. Calves in group 3 (n = 7) were given colostrum containing antibodies against BVDV. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
• Immune Response: On the day of challenge (day 104), calves in group 1 were seronegative. Group 2 antibody responses continued to increase, with a mean BVDV type 1 serum neutralizing titer of 9.4log2 and a mean type 2 titer of 5.6log2. Titers in group 3 were decreased, compared with titers on day 28. Titers against type 1 virus decreased 1.9log2 to 5.8log2, and titers against type 2 virus decreased 2.8log2 to 4.2log2. The decreases in titers of both types of antibodies were significant (P < 0.05). At 1 week after challenge (day 111), control calves had begun to develop serum neutralizing antibody titers against BVDV type 2. Serum neutralizing antibody titers against type 2 virus in group 2 increased by 3.0log2 to 8.6log2 and increased by 0.2log2 to 4.4log2 in group 3. At 2 weeks after challenge (day 118), all 3 groups had increases (P < 0.05) in titers against both type 1 and 2 BVDV, compared with titers on day 111. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
• Side Effects: Adverse vaccine reactions were not observed in any calves. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
• Challenge Protocol: All 20 remaining calves received BVDV type 2 (strain 1373) intranasally by use of an atomizer 104 days after vaccination. The challenge inoculum contained 7.3 × 10^7 viral particles/mL, and 2.5 mL was atomized into each naris (total volume, 5.0 mL/calf). (Zimmerman et al., 2006)
• Efficacy: Calves that received colostrum free of antiBVDV antibodies and were vaccinated with the sham vaccine developed severe disease (4 of the 7 calves died or were euthanatized). Calves that received colostrum free of anti-BVDV antibodies and were vaccinated and calves that received colostrum with antiBVDV antibodies and were vaccinated developed only mild or no clinical signs of disease. (Zimmerman et al., 2006)