• Vaccine Ontology ID: VO_0004579
• Type: DNA vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: Mouse
• F protein gene engineering:
  • Type: DNA vaccine construction
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Vector: phCMV1 (Wu et al., 2009)
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

• Vaccine Ontology ID: VO_0004580
• Type: DNA vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: Mouse
• G gene engineering:
  • Type: DNA vaccine construction
  • Detailed Gene Information: Click Here.
• Vector: pND (Miller et al., 2002)
• Immunization Route: Intradermal injection (i.d.)

• Manufacturer: Bavarian Nordic
• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Licensed
• Host Species for Licensed Use: Human
• Host Species as Laboratory Animal Model: Used two mouse models to shed light on MVA RSV induced immune mechanisms of protection against RSV infection.
• Antigen: (Endt et al., 2022) RSV fusion protein (F), glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (N), transcription elongation factor from RSV A, and glycoprotein from RSV strain B.
• Vector: (Endt et al., 2022)This vaccine is based on the attenuated virus Vector, modified Vaccinia Ankara Bavarian Nordic, encoding the RSV fusion protein (F), glycoprotein (G), nuclei protein (N), and transcription elongation factor derived from RSV subtype A, as well as another G of RSV subtype B.
• Preparation: (Endt et al., 2022)MVA-RSV was generated by homologous recombination. Primary Chicken embryo fibroblast cells were infected with MVA -BN and transferred with recombination plasmids. During homologous recombination, sequences within the plasmid homologous to the insertion sites of the MVA - BN genome recombine with their corresponding sequences within the viral genome and target the trans genes into the respective integration site of MVA - BN. MVA-RSV was further propagated in CEF cells at serum-free conditions. After insertion of the antigens into the MVA-BN genome, genetically pure clones were isolated by repeated rounds of limiting dilution and plaque purification. were isolated by repeated rounds of limiting dilution and plaque purification. A final clone was amplified, and a stock was prepared.
• Immunization Route: intranasal immunization
• Storage: (Endt et al., 2022) Production was conducted in roller bottles seeded with primary CEF cells under serum-free conditions. Infected CEF lysates were sonicated, purified, and concentrated using a standardized two-step sucrose cushion centrifugation procedure. Vaccine infectious titer, sequence identity, and integrity were confirmed.
• Description: (Endt et al., 2022)The MVA RSV contains five SV specific antigens that induced antibody and T cell responses which is currently being tested in the clinical trials for people older than 55 years of age. Depletion of CD4 or CD8 T cells, serum transfer, and the use of genetically engineered mice lacking the ability to generate either RSV-specific antibodies, the IgA isotope, or CD8 T cells revealed that complete protection from RSV infection is dependent on CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as antibodies, including IgA. MVA-RSV vaccination optimally protects against RSV infection by employing multiple arms of the adaptive immune system.

• Type: Recombinant vector vaccine
• Status: Research
• Host Species for Licensed Use: None
• Antigen: F protein (Johnson et al., 2013)
• Preparation: Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) replicon in which the attachment and fusion domains of the VSV glycoprotein (G) have been deleted (rVSV-Gstem)(Johnson et al., 2013)
• Immunization Route: Intramuscular injection (i.m.)

Mouse Response

• Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0003057
• Immune Response: The DRF-412 vaccine vector was as effective as live RSV in inducing neutralization antibody, systemic Ab (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b) responses, and mucosal antibody responses (Ig A). Mice inoculated with vector DRF-412 induced a higher mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine immune response than DRF-412-P (Wu et al., 2009).
• Efficacy: Mice immunized with DRF-412 and DRF-412-P have a higher average Ct value compared with PBS and phCMV I group (P < 0.001), which means that they have less viral mRNA in the lung indicating better protection, but there was no statistically significant difference between DRF-412 and DRF-412-P. This vaccine induced partial protection against RSV in mice (Wu et al., 2009).

Mouse Response

• Vaccine Immune Response Type: VO_0003057
• Efficacy: Immunization with the pND-G vaccine significantly inhibited the RSV induced increase in airway responsiveness to methacholine (Mch) (n=3 separate experiments; 12 mice per group) (P<0.05 versus RSV). The concentration of Mch required to induce a 200% increase in airway responsiveness (PC200) was significantly greater in RSV infected mice who had received the pND-G vaccine compared to RSV infected mice who had not received the vaccine (21.5 mg/ml Mch versus 7.2 mg/ml Mch) (P<0.05) (Miller et al., 2002).

Mouse Response

• Vaccination Protocol: (Endt et al., 2022)IgA deficient mice at the age of 12 to 24 weeks, CD8 deficient mice the insertion sites of the MVA - BN genome recombine with their corresponding sequences within the viral genome and target the trans genes into the respective integration site of MVA - BN. Mice were administered intranasally (IN) with 100 μl of the MVA-RSV vaccine at 1 × 108 TCID50 per dose at Days 0 and 21. IN challenge was performed with 100 μl of RSV-A2 at 1 × 106 pfu at Day 35 (9, 15). Control animals received TRIS-buffered saline, pH 7.7. For IN applications, mice were anesthetized with a mixture of Fentanyl, Midazolam, and Medetomidine and anesthesia was antagonized with a mixture of Naloxone, Flumazenil, and Atipamezole. After challenge, animals were monitored daily, and body weight was measured. Animals were sacrificed 4 days post challenge.
• Efficacy: (Endt et al., 2022) MSV - RSV induced both broad T cell responses against all encoded RSV antigens and humoral responses against RSV A and RSV B. These results suggest that MVA - RSV may activate various adaptive immune responses against RSV that could contribute to different pathways of protection.
• Description: (Endt et al., 2022)After vaccination with MVA-RSV, clearance of RSV from murine lungs was only complete in the presence of RSV-specific antibodies, including mucosal IgA, as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells. MVA-RSV induces immune parameters from all arms of the adaptive immune system, which together warrant sterilizing protection against RSV exposure.

Mouse Response

• Vaccination Protocol: Mice were immunized on day 0. In studies that included a boost, mice were boosted at week 4(Johnson et al., 2013)
• Challenge Protocol: RSV challenge virus was administered by the nasal route 4 weeks after the last immunization dose(Johnson et al., 2013)
• Efficacy: (Johnson et al., 2013) A single high dose of the Gstem-RSV-F replicon was effective against challenge with both RSV A and B subgroup viruses. Finally, addition of an RSV glycoprotein (G)-expressing Gstem vector significantly improved the incomplete protection achieved with a single low dose of Gstem-RSV-F vector alone